The Theory Of Decision Making - 1944 Words

In our everyday life we are in front of multiple decisions to take, from the easy ones as what coffee to get to the more complicated ones, as what jobs to apply for. The word ‘Decision’ originated from Latin word ‘de ciso’ which indicates ‘cutting off’. This implicates that the act of deciding is to come to a conclusion among different options. How many options are available though? Throughout the years, many behavioural scientists proposed different theories in order to explain how we face decisions and act before them. Do we calculate them all accurately before ‘cutting off’? One of the most recognized theories for decision making is the von Neumann- Morgenstern utility theorem (1944), which states that the decision-maker in front of all the different choices will behave as if he is maximizing the expected value of some function defined over the potential outcomes. Based on the expected utility, the von Neumann-Morgenstern model i s constructed upon the fundamental assumption that humans behave in a perfect rational way being able to calculate all the options and choosing among them the one that allows to maximize the expected utility. However, as the major critics to this model sustain, individuals are not fully rational when taking decisions. Their cognitive process is limited to the complexity of the environment in which they are taking decisions. The homo economicus is portrayed as capable of solving complex problems of optimization of resources allocation as well asShow MoreRelatedDecision Making And The Prospect Theory1490 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Decision making is the act of choosing the best solution to a problem depending on its value and the preferences of the decision maker. In the first part of this essay, we will explore the Expected Utility theory and the Prospect Theory, which are normative and descriptive approaches to making decisions with inherent risks. The first part of the essay argues that Expected Utility Theory is a less viable hypothesis to decision making and is fundamentally flawed compared to the ProspectRead MoreDecision Making Process Of The Theory Of Organization2038 Words   |  9 PagesDecision Making Decision making process is a way to get a final choice on achieving goals or solving problems among several alternatives. In classical theory of organization, it was believed that only top managers perform as the decision makers. It regards the employees as ‘instrument’ (March and Simon 1993). However, In Simon and March’s view (1993), employees are not just instrument, they are indeed rational people that think, act, and decide on their own in organizations. The decisions they madeRead MoreThe Theory Of Planning, Policy Formulation And Decision Making Essay981 Words   |  4 Pagesbeen neglected by authors (in the literature) for a long time. This long neglected method is contrasted with the Rational-Comprehensive (Root) method, which has been widely covered in the books (literatures) of planning, policy formulation and decision-making. The author examines and describes how some administrators approach complicated social problems as the root method fails when ap plied to difficult social problems because people have different views and sometimes they disagree on certain issuesRead MoreEthical Theories Are Used As Decision Making Tools836 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: Ethical theories in philosophy are used as decision making tools (Trevino p38), many theories with different frameworks with argument with and against. These theories are used to evaluate ethical dilemmas that we face on our day to day life, The Consequentialist approach: In the consequentialist theory; all what matters is the consequences, means do not have any importance as long the end result is achieved (Trevino p 40), and utilitarianism theory is may be the best known consequentialistRead MoreGame Theory : Essential Strategic Decision Making Essay1715 Words   |  7 PagesGame theory is essential in strategic decision making. It is a necessary tool or guideline needed for decision making in situations involving interdependence (Thomas Maurice, 2010). A time in which it was necessary and vital to make some strategic decisions was with the planning and coordinating of my wedding. Likewise, when my husband and I decided to get married, we both had different visions about how the planning process should take place in addition to the size of the budget. UnbeknownstRead MoreThe Theory Of Self Control And The Decision Making Systems1394 Words   |  6 PagesSome people argue that many unconscious decision-making systems such as reflexes, Proced ural, and Pavlovian are not a part of oneself. However, I would argue that these systems are definitely parts of oneself because of their correlation with the brain that brings about changes in the mind, and their neural basis that share some similarities with the deliberative system. Moreover, to claim that only a decision-making system that exerts self-control belongs to oneself is to overemphasize on self-controlRead MoreChad s Theory Of The Decision Making Process Essay948 Words   |  4 PagesChad continued to develop technically as his scope of responsibilities and the scale of his projects increased. He then focused on engagement, delegation, communication, and facilitated project completion by becoming an integral part of the decision-making process. Chad’s success in these endeavors earned the trust of his leadership as he became a trusted resource while establishing himself as a leader amongst his peers. Leadership and Communication Chad’s leadership was on display when he showedRead MoreThe Psychological Study Of Decision Making Began After Theories1306 Words   |  6 PagesThe Psychological study of decision making began after theories were introduced in order to understand an individual’s thought process when faced with decisions. The aim of these theories were to examine whether or not humans are rational decision makers by introducing probabilities and the evaluation of risk. This essay will evaluate The Expected Utility Theory, The Prospect Theory and other potential influences to decision making. As well as state both the strengths and weaknesses of them, in orderRead MoreGame Theory Is The Study Of Decision Making Under Competition1289 Words   |  6 PagesGame Theory is the study of decision making under competition. More specially, Game Theory is the study of optimal decision making under competition when one individual s decisions affect the outcome of a situation for all other individ uals involved. Game Theory can be broadly classified into four main sub-categories of study: - Classical Game Theory - Combinatorial Game Theory - Dynamic Game Theory - Other Topics in Game Theory As a mathematical tool for the decision-maker the strength of gameRead MoreAttribution Theory On The Decision Making Process Of Tom And Amy1228 Words   |  5 PagesExplain attribution theory. Draw on the mini-case to identify and explain three biases or errors that may affect the decision-making process of Tom and Amy. Discuss why attribution theory is important in relation to organisational behaviour and decision-makers in organisations. Attribution theory, as a powerful model for explaining and exploring decision making in the job selection, which helps us to determine whether an individual’s behaviour is internally or externally caused. The attribution

Symptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease - 2254 Words

Why do people wake up in the morning? Is it to drive to school or work or perhaps to make it to the gym for that early morning workout session? Regardless of why people wake up, one thing that people have in common is that they’re aware of who they are and what they want to accomplish, well for the most part that is. There are many people living in this world with a disease called Alzheimer’s, which is a very deadly and mysterious disease. Alzheimer’s is a type of Dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. This disease is a progressive cognitive disorder that deteriorates brain cells eventually to the point of destroying them. This kind of deterioration leads to memory loss as well as alterations in thinking and†¦show more content†¦Through musical participation in the therapeutic environment, clients capacities are reinforced and conveyed in other areas of their lives. Additionally, Music therapy also offers ways for communicatio n that can be accommodating to the people who find it challenging to express themselves in words. Research in music therapy supports its effectiveness in many areas such as: overall physical rehabilitation and facilitating movement, increasing people s motivation to become engaged in their treatment, providing emotional support for clients and their families, and providing an outlet for expression of feelings (Gregory59). Whether it is apparent at first or not music therapy interventions help the patient improve their diminishing cognitive function ability with the music that is selected as well as the intervention applied, which plays a major role in the process. There are many people who believe that music therapy truly works when helping patients, such as Dassa Ayelet who has a PHD from Bar-llan in Israel and wrote her dissertation on the impact of singing in music therapy groups on the language abilities of Alzheimer’s patients in moderate to severe stages. She has been working as a music therapist with people with Alzheimer’s disease Alzheimer’s disease for almost 17 years. In her clinical work,

Korean and japanese cinema Free Essays

Introduction The emergence of the Japanese film industry could be dated back to the year 1898 through the emergence of the silent films whereas the Korean film’s that the Koreans produced started since the year 1919 (Paquet, 2007)†¦ This essay would then focus on Korean directors’ usage of women to elicit political and social implications. Firstly, these depictions could intensify the changing roles of the women in Korean society and secondly, it could elicit reactions from both the female and male audience. In the hopes of further deepening these implications, a view on Japanese women would also be used as a comparison. We will write a custom essay sample on Korean and japanese cinema or any similar topic only for you Order Now Korean view on women in society and the Director’s perspective on leading ladies From the Confucian ideal of a woman is depicted through the main role of women is to be prepared in becoming a wife and a mother (Paik, 1998). Nowadays, Korean women are entering the working sphere of the country whereas before it was limited to the male species. The directors then would like to highlight the women in a movie especially when the societal changes are much concerned with the women of the society. These depictions could bring forth the reactions from both the female and male viewers. An example on the changing view of women’s role in society is through the film, ‘YMCA Yagudan’ or ‘YMCA Baseball Team’ where the leading lady’s character is depicted to be modernized and she had a major influence on the leading man. Japanese view on women in society and the implication on societal changes resembling the Koreans’ changes and the director’s depiction for these changes Like the Korean women, Japanese women are confined to what is known to be the private sphere. The duties then lie on the men’s shoulders to provide for the family. The Japanese view on women then gradually changed by using what is known to be the private sphere or domain where women belongs to a more public domain and become a way to see that the private sphere in the form of the household is matriarchal in nature (Friedman, 1992). It could be seen in the Japanese film, Hotaro no haka’ or ‘Grave of the Fireflies’ that the male main character had the burden to provide for his sister, the female main character. Nonetheless, the changing role on women in Japan then could be seen through the changes that the two siblings had to undergo in order to survive and breaking free from the usual connotation of the family structure would be a leeway for the changes to be realized (Jubei, 1995). In a way, both the sibling depicts the changes in societal perspectives by escaping the society imposition of what they ought to do. The sister along with the brother’s pride became the motivations in running away. Conclusion What could be inferred from all these claims is that the leading lady’s role in a film could be a way to see the social changes and the political stands. In a Korean film, it could elicit reactions from both the women and men. Another reason is that highlighting the women predicament in a film could make the audience see the societal changes in women’s role. References Friedman, S. (1992). Women in Japanese Society: Their changing Roles.  Ã‚   Retrieved August 27, 2007, from http://www2.gol.com/users/friedman/writings/p1.html Jubei, Y. S. (1995). Hotaro no Haka (Grave of the Fireflies).  Ã‚   Retrieved August 24, 2007, from http://www2.hawaii.edu/~dfukushi/Hotaru.html Paik, Y.-J. (1998). Women’s Development and Information on Women in Korea.  Ã‚   Retrieved August 24, 2007, from http://www.ifla.org/IV/ifla64/112-122e.htm Paquet, D. (2007). A Short History of Korean Film.  Ã‚   Retrieved August 27, 2007, from http://www.koreanfilm.org/history.html How to cite Korean and japanese cinema, Essay examples

Capability Development and Community Empowerment

Question: Discuss about the Capability Development and Community Empowerment. Answer: Introduction: Large corporations have become an economical, environmental, cultural and political force, which is unavoidable in the environment of todays globalized world (Ansari et al., 2012). Moreover, large corporations and industries are highly influential on the everyday lives of billions of people around the world. While prioritizing the industries for their influence on shaping the world, IT industries would be the first priority. IT industries have major power in shaping the lives of the people. While considering telecommunication sector, it has made human life easy by reducing communication gap with people existing in far distance. People do not have to wait for long time in communicating with each other like the past days. People can communicate with each other even if they are in long distance and oversea the country. With the invention of telephones, Smartphone and internet, people can communicate with each in long distance within a fraction of time. The evidences can be found from th e corporations like Samsung, Apple, Microsoft and BlackBerry (Ansari et al., 2012). The easy user interfaces of the products of these companies are easily accessible for the people. While considering automobile industries, it has provided incredible freedom to the people towards their physical movement. Moreover, with the innovation and advancement, automobile industries are offering more safer and comfortable journey to the people. Furthermore, with the advancement in design, automobile sector has enhanced the sophistication in human life. Moreover, automobile sectors have huge contribution in world economy by developing quality of the world. Automotive industries account for 80% of sales and growth, which have major contribution to the economy of the world (Morris et al., 2012). Moreover, automotive industries are also removing the unemployment rate in the world by employing people in it manufacturing, sales and engineering departments. Moreover, the invention of hybrid cars has major contribution in protecting world from harmful impacts. For example, the hybrid cars of Toyota Company consume less energy and emit less carbon footprint towards protecting the wo rld environment (Geng et al., 2014). Food and beverage industry is also highly responsible for shaping the world. Food and beverage industry provides highly nutritious foods to the people towards providing them healthy life. Moreover, with the advancement in the decoration of the hotels and restaurants, people can also have fine dining experience in their life towards spending some quality life. For example, the Mandarin Oriental hotel in Hong Kong offers world class dining experience towards making the life of people so personal (Geng et al., 2014). On the other hand, healthcare industry administers care, treats and diagnoses millions of people from newborn to terminally ill people. Structured healthcare organizations provide foundation of healthy lifestyle of the world people. Moreover, good healthcare and education induction highly contributes on rural development. For example, top healthcare company Abbott is highly focused on providing top-level medical services towards improving the quality of people life. They ar e providing their medical service to more than 150 countries by including the rural health life (Morris et al., 2012). Forces In and Outside of Business Firms The role of work in todays world has changed due to economic condition and changes in social demands. In todays competitive business world, organizations are confronting changing and dynamic business environment. Some of internal and external forces, which are described below, force these changes: The natures of employees have been changed over a passage of time. Different generations have expressed their work value at different ways. The old generation workforces are more loyal towards their employers, whereas the new generation employees are more loyal towards their careers. Moreover, the profiles of the employees are also changing so fast, as the new generation employees are highly educated. These employees put more emphasis on employee value and are more likely to question the management authority (Lockett et al., 2014). Therefore, the complex behavior of the new generation employees is forcing the management to change their management practice. Financial Management Finance is the prime factor for any organization towards it success. Without money, organizations do not have any existence. Therefore, successful financial management builds the success of organization in long run. In this way, success financial management can lead to changes in business operation like purchasing raw materials, proper fund distribution and introduction of new assets (Battilana Casciaro, 2013). Technological Capacity Successful business organizations need to keep themselves abreast with the changes in technology. In order to upgraded, organizations need to change their production process with the changes in technology (Jiao et al., 2013). Market Condition Every organization is to export its products to the environment. Therefore, organizations are to face severe competition in the market. Organizations mostly face two types of competition in the market. One is the offering of same product by other organization and two is the customers, who are not buying the products (Michel, 2014). Therefore, this situation forces organization to change their business operation for bringing uniqueness in their products and modifying the expectation of the customers. Political Forces Political forces have direct influence on the business practice of organizations. Political forces outline the business framework towards its day-to-day operation. Political forces like Government policies, tax policies, Government decisions and political stability have direct bearings on the business framework and stakeholder expectation of the organization (Battilana Casciaro, 2013). Customer Satisfaction Customer satisfaction is the ultimate goal of any organization. It measures the effectiveness of the products and services offered by organization. It seems to be the major performance indicator for any business (Michel et al., 2013). Therefore, the intension of enhancing customer satisfaction leads organizations to introduce innovative products, incorporate new technologies and adopt new business practice. Forces of Law and government Regulation on Business Legal and Regulatory environment play a significant roles towards determining the success of any organization. Government imposes taxes on business for promoting economic growth and cushioning consumers from exploitation. According to Gomes-Casseres, (2015), Tax Law highly controls the business behavior, where organizations must have to report their financial status to the Government. Based on the financial status Government imposes taxes on business, which organizations are liable to pay for economical growth of country. This law forces business to choose accrual method of accounting principle towards maintaining transparency with the Government. On the other hand, Haidar, (2012) opined that Labor Laws defines the regulations, which defines the way of organization regarding their employee treatment. This law incorporates minimum wage regulations, employee protection rules and wage garnishing rules. These organizations are to set their salary structure and workplace culture as per th e law set by the Government. Barkemeyer et al., (2014) revealed that environmental law highly guides the business behavior towards protecting the environment. This law restricts organizations to perform any business practice, which can harm the environment. This law forces organizations to dispose of their hazardous materials without harming the surrounding environment. On the other hand, Michel, (2014) opined that report law of business controls the ways of demonstrating the financial report to the investors and Government. This law forces organizations towards meeting the standards of transparency purpose. Reporting law is quite similar to that of tax law, but is more concerned with preventing misconduct and fraud. Haidar, (2012) pointed out that Zoning Law restricts organizations for operating business in certain specific areas or zones. Moreover, intellectual and property law restricts an organization to copy the invention, design and artistic work of another organization. References Ansari, S., Munir, K., Gregg, T. (2012). Impact at the bottom of the pyramid: The role of social capital in capability development and community empowerment.Journal of Management Studies,49(4), 813-842. Barkemeyer, R., Holt, D., Preuss, L., Tsang, S. (2014). What happened to the developmentin sustainable development? Business guidelines two decades after Brundtland.Sustainable Development,22(1), 15-32. Battilana, J., Casciaro, T. (2013). Overcoming resistance to organizational change: Strong ties and affective cooptation.Management Science,59(4), 819-836. Gomes-Casseres, B. (2015). The three laws of business combinations: how to create value by remixing assets.Strategy Leadership,43(5), 18-23. Geng, Y., Fujita, T., Park, H. S., Chiu, A., Huisingh, D. (2014). Call for papers: Towards post fossil carbon societies: regenerative and preventative eco-industrial development.Journal of Cleaner Production,68(0), 4-6. Haidar, J. I. (2012). The impact of business regulatory reforms on economic growth.Journal of the Japanese and international economies,26(3), 285-307. Jiao, H., Alon, I., Koo, C. K., Cui, Y. (2013). When should organizational change be implemented? The moderating effect of environmental dynamism between dynamic capabilities and new venture performance.Journal of Engineering and Technology Management,30(2), 188-205. Lockett, A., Currie, G., Finn, R., Martin, G., Waring, J. (2014). The influence of social position on sensemaking about organizational change.Academy of Management Journal,57(4), 1102-1129. Michel, A. (2014). The mutual constitution of persons and organizations: An ontological perspective on organizational change.Organization Science,25(4), 1082-1110. Michel, A., Todnem By, R., Burnes, B. (2013). The limitations of dispositional resistance in relation to organizational change.Management Decision,51(4), 761-780. Morris, M., Kaplinsky, R., Kaplan, D. (2012). One thing leads to anotherCommodities, linkages and industrial development.Resources Policy,37(4), 408-416.

8th Grade Literary and Vocabulary Terms Flashcard

8th Grade Literary and Vocabulary Terms

Laser Shot Technology Essays

Laser Shot Technology Essays Laser Shot Technology Essay Laser Shot Technology Essay Laser Shot technology is the global leader in firearm and force option training solutions. Innovative products incorporate the latest technologies in developing accurate, dependable, and effective use of firearms by military, law enforcement, and other public safety professionals by using simulated programs (Laser Shot technology Firearms Training Solutions, 2011:i 1). Sustainability is achieving economic, environmental and social goals without compromising the same opportunity for future generations (Timmons Spinelli, 2009: 113). Viability can be defined as testing to see if the business idea can generate enough money to pay all of the expenses of the business, to cause growth or maintain stability, and to increase wealth (MacLeod Terblanche, 2004: 27) and that has satisfactory performance and opportunity for improvement (Lamb, Hair, McDaniel, Boshoff Terblanche, 2006: 121). Market can be defined as those customers who are willing and able to buy products to satisfy particular needs or wants (Stokes Wilson, 2006:120) Marketing mix refers to a unique blend of product, place (distribution), promotion and pricing strategies designed to produce mutually satisfying exchanges with a target market (McDaniel, Lamb Hair, 2008: 48)These questions address the viability and sustainability of the business idea. Before starting a business, the idea needs to be tested for viability. If the idea is viable, sustainability must be tested for the business to be a success. Even if an idea is viable, it does not mean that it is sustainable in the long-term. The aim of a business is to grow, and it can only grow if the sustainability factors economic, environmental and social can be positively achieved (MacLeod, et al. , 2004: 20 27). Laser Shot technology is an innovative, computer simulated product that assists in training various government and non-government agencies in firearm handling as well as combat training (Laser Shot technology Firearms Training Solutions, 2011:i 1). The product uses a unique approach simulating real-life situations applicable to police, military, hunting and sporting activities or situations (Laser Shot technology Firearms Training Solutions, 2011:i 1). The company provides different products for the various disciplines. Laser Shot technology was first used in 1999 at the Simulated Action Firearm Education Training for Youth or S. A. F. E. T. Y event in Grand Forks, North Dakota, United States of America for simulated hunting activities (Grand Forks Herald, 2011:i 1). Since then it has grown in popularity and is currently being used extensively internationally for training police force and military personnel (Laser Shot technology Firearms Training Solutions, 2011:i 2). Laser Shot technology is a relatively new technology to South Africa and was first introduced in the Gauteng region in 2003 by Mike Mansell and Pierre van der Walt. In 2004, they started trading as Laser Shot technology SA cc (Laser Shot technology SA cc, 2011:i 1, 2). A product is not only a physical unit, but also includes other facets such as packaging, after-sale service, value, brand name, company image and warranty. Products are bought because they fulfill a need, have certain benefits or enhance the consumers image (McDaniel et al, 2008: 48). Laser Shot technology is an innovative product that simulates real-life situations to train various organisations in firearm handling and firing. Research has proven that virtual simulations are unbeaten in cost-effectiveness as well as proven that virtual training betters overall gun-handling (Leer reg en raak skiet in jou voorkamer, June 2011: 23). There are two types of training systems, iMarksman and Laser Shot technology. iMarksman is a beginners training system for people not yet accustomed to handling firearms, while Laser Shot technology is a more advanced system. The system allows for a marksman to shoot at a moving or stationary target using a laser-weapon. The hit point is then displayed on the screen and the effectiveness of the shot calculated (Laser Shot technology SA, 2011). Different courses are available for each of the systems. Real-life hunting and danger situations can be simulated either by pre-ordered videos or by a compilation of the users own videos. This training system can be complemented by live-fire training. Hardware needed for this program include a projector, laptop or desktop computer and a screen or light-painted wall.

Fire Protection High School Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Fire Protection High School - Essay Example So that voltage be monitored in an electrical system, voltmeters and other electrical devices are used and are also checked in a given routine rounds. Elevation is a location or an area of the process equipment in relation to existing ground level and structures. This provide technicians with sufficient information about the equipment location. The data is important for them as they make rounds, catch samples, check the equipment, develop checklists and also when they perform startups and shutdowns. Moreover, equipment location drawings or plot plans points out the exact location of equipment with respect to the plant's physical boundaries. It also provide information regarding neighborhood. Included in location drawings is a loop diagram which traces all instrument linkages between the control room panel and the field instrument. Instrument such as air lines, some wiring connections at particular field junction boxes as well as front and connections control room panels are also included. P 261.

Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 126

Essay Example Many believe that he died of murder; Bob Brier researched and wrote in his book â€Å"the murder of Tutankhamen† about what could have caused his death. Brier had medical knowledge and he used the knowledge to examine Tutankhamen skull, he found bumps and marks in the skull and this evidence made him believe that he was murdered. He believed that the marks in the skull are malicious and could have been inflicted by somebody who could reach the king easily for example a servant or a relative. According to the literature found, Ay and Horemheb denied committing the murder, information from Horemheb text warns Egyptians not to forget what foreigners did to their brother that shows that he was murdered. Another theory is about illness, several images show the king in the tomb seating or resting on a walking stick. The pictures of Akhenaton who is believed to have been Tutankhamen father shows the king seated and his wife is serving him. One of the medical researchers who have rese arched intensively about what could have the death of the king is Dr. Hutan Ashrafian who works at Imperial college of London. Hutan believed that the key to the mystery lies within the art of that time (Hawass, 2004). The best theory I believed it explained the death of Tutankhamen is the theory of illness. Dr. Hutan believed that Tutankhamen died with feminized physique like his immediate predecessor. Paintings reveals that Smenkhkare one of the pharaohs who is believed to have been Tutankhamens uncle or brother and Akhenaten both had feminized figures which are large breasts and wide hips (Hawass, 2004). Pharaohs who came before Tutankhamen has similar physiques; according to Hutan, every pharaoh died at young age under mysterious circumstances. This shows that there was inherited disorder. It is important to note that the two pharaohs used to tell of religious vision

Travel Industry Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Travel Industry - Essay Example International traffic is slated to grow at 6.1% during the next decade and is likely to slow down to 5.5% over the 2015-2025 period.1 NORTH AMERICA: North America remains the most mature and the largest market in terms of traffic volume. Since it is a mature market the twenty years growth estimates are lower than the world average. However the market was occupy an important position because of the sizeable volume of traffic flows. International travel prospects are more promising than inter regional, therefore the passenger fleet size will enlarge to 7402 units in 2025 from its current size of 4133 units(in 2005).2 LATIN AMERICA AND CARRIBEAN: Agreement between Brazil, Argentinia, Chile and Peru allows for a level of fifth freedom rights.ElSalvador, Guatemala, Hondauras and Nicaragua have moved a step closer to a single Central American Aviation market with an agreement that calls for more relaxed customs and immigration controls. Traffic growth projections for Latin America, for the review period are higher than the world average at 5.3%.The annual average rate for inter regional traffic is anticipated to be 6.1%.3 EUROPE:Inter regional traffic within Europe will remain the second most significant flow accounting for nearly 12% of the total world's traffic within that region. In 2005 Transatlantic load factor stood close to 83%.European traffic growth forecast stands at 4.8% equally the world annual growth rate. International traffic growth is likely to be robust. Therefore Europe's passenger fleet will double by 2025.4 Europe-Asia Pacific traffic flows will increase at 6.0%, with Latin America at 6.0%.CIS and Europe traffic flows will hit a 6.6% growth rate and a strong 7.3% with Middle East. CIS: International traffic flows from CIS will see a 6.8% increase, marginally above the world average rate. Russia dominates the aviation market landscape in CIS.In September 20005, more than 88% of CIS available domestic capacity was with Russia. Strategic destinations for international travel will be-Asia Pacific, North America and Middle East and Latin America.5 AFRICA: Angola and Nigeria are increasingly becoming an important business destination, mainly because of the accessibility to natural resources like oil, gas and copper. India and China besides other nations have struck trade partnerships with these African nations. In 2005, 100,000 Chinese tourists visited Africa, doubling the figure from 2004.Sub Saharan Africa is saw a 13% increase in international traffic inflows in 2005 as against 5% in 2004.6 MIDDLE EAST: Dubai has climbed from the 26th to the 10th position as a global hub over the last decade.Globally, the route exhibiting the highest growth in terms of traffic volume is London-Dubai. Middle East also has a geographical advantage with a 8,000 nautical miles circle around it.Also, the benefit of having three emerging economies (Russia, China, India) in its "backyard" makes it an advantageous location. International traffic growth is anticipated to be 7.2% for the next ten years and 6.3% over the span of 2015-2025.7 Potential for New Markets. BRIC: Vast consumer base and a consistent high growth rate. The emerging economies in Asia with their large populations and buoyant economies are expected to be the most promising

Body Building And Training

Body Building And Training Like any other sport, body building requires one to go through a lot of body building training in order to perfect ones skill as well as build up the desired mass of body muscle. This entails the body builder enrolling in weight lifting sessions where you are assigned to a coach. Through hard work and training routines the coach helps you to achieve the desired mass of body muscle. When it comes to weight training routines there are generally two types of routines that come to mind: body sculpting and bodybuilding routines. Your trainer will help you through the routines as well as ensure that you are following the right routine. Body building training is mainly meant for bodybuilders whose main goal is to add pounds after pounds of muscle mass while taking their body fat levels to a neighborhood of 8-10% and in some instances, like a bodybuilding contest, even less, going as far as 3-4% body fat. A good body building training routine should have characteristics like; A good body building training routine should be short in terms of time. The general timing for a single session is between forty five minutes and seventy five to the maximum. Testosterone hormones which are responsible for muscle building and fat burning start to drop after 75 minutes. What this means is that training more than seventy five minutes will prevent you from gaining muscle and losing fat fast! It will also prevent you from fast recovery. As crazy as it sounds, more is not necessarily better for huge bodybuilding gains. In body building training, the rest in between sets should be kept minimal. Keeping your rest in between sets and exercises down not only helps you to perform a lot of work and still finish within the seventy five minutes, but it also helps you to improve your cardiovascular system. In addition, it has also been shown that this kind of training stimulates growth hormones output the most. It is most advisable to keep it less than ninety seconds. Keeping around eight to fifteen repetitions of sets for body building training routines improves blood flow into your muscles. This is important since along with the blood come nutrients that nourish the muscle cells and help them recover and rebuild bigger faster. In addition since you are doing so many repetitions, there is less probability of injury since youll be using a weight that you can control. It is also good for muscle building and fat burning occur more efficiently at these repetition ranges. Body building training must be varied and cycled. Do not get stuck with the same routine day in and day out. If you are a bodybuilder, and you do this, this guarantees zero muscle growth. This is without even mentioning boredom and lack of enthusiasm. Bodybuilding training cycles can go for a period of three to four weeks of high volume eight to fifteen repetitions per set or with periods of higher intensity of five to eight repetitions per set. Higher density periods are THE REQUIREMENTS AND BENEFITS OF BODY BUILDING RX Bodybuilding Rx techniques are those methods that enable one to build muscle without the use of artificial-and often illegal-injected or ingested substances. In the sport of bodybuilding rx, the classification of natural is based on the division in which the bodybuilders compete. While natural bodybuilders do not use drugs or illegal substances, they do use nutritional supplements and other legal products. Rx therefore is the prescription or method either supplements or workouts that a body builder follows to acquire the desired mass of body muscle In contrast to steroids, bodybuilding rx techniques offer a number of benefits to bodybuilders like, an absence of unhealthy side effects, long-lasting results with respect to enhanced musculature, which do not dissipate as is the case with steroid use. Besides workouts are positive rein forcers, as compared to excessive testosterone use which interferes with the release of endorphins Experts consider proper nutrition to be one of the most significant factors in body building rx. Although opinions regarding what constitutes proper nutrition for bodybuilders varies, many experts recommend that, of all of the calories a bodybuilder consumes each day, thirty percent should be a form of protein, fifty percent should be derived from carbohydrates and twenty percent should be from healthy fats. In addition, one should minimize, to the greatest extent possible, the consumption of sugar and of processed foods. Of course, this is true for all individuals. If your nutrition is poor then youll never get the muscle growth or muscularity that you are looking for. Work hard, get green and eat well. According to Iron Magazine, the trick with weight training is that you need to actually rest more than you need to train. When you train with weights, you are breaking down the fibers in the muscles of your body. In order to successfully build muscle, it is necessary to rest those same muscles the day after training. Thus, if you work the muscles of the upper body one day, do not work those same muscles the next day. A good training technique, therefore, is to work different muscle groups on alternate days. In addition, Iron Magazine suggests a number of body building rx techniques that have been proven to increase muscle mass relatively quickly. These varied techniques prevent the body from becoming too comfortable with a particular training routine and will enable the muscles to be more responsive to training. Bodybuilding Rx techniques are becoming increasingly popular with bodybuilders who desire a increased muscle mass without the side effects of muscle enhancing drugs. By choosing body building rx methods, including those rare supplements that have been proven through clinical studies to assist performance enhancement without unhealthy side effects, you can take pride in the fact that any muscle you build is derived from hard work, discipline and healthy habits as opposed to use of dangerous drugs. As always, consult a doctor before starting this, or any, exercise routine. Bodybuilding is particularly strenuous so this caution is particularly advisable before embarking on this path. Bodybuilding work outs People engage themselves in exercises for reasons like, loosing weight and body toning. How ever there are those who embark on working out otherwise known as body exercising to build their muscles. Others do not know the best workouts for building their body muscles so as a result, they drop pounds but those pounds come from losing muscle mass, which weighs more than fat. The good news is there are ways to maintain your current muscle mass while still losing weight. You must perform the proper body building muscles in order to burn fat and not muscle. To focus on cardiovascular workouts, is what most fitness instructors and health advocates advise. It will help your heart and lungs get stronger so you can do more exercise without getting worn out, so its a good way to start. However, you need to add some weight training to that recipe at least 2 to 3 times a week. That way youll be replenishing lost muscle and adding new muscle mass. This is good because muscle requires more calories than fat. If you have a lot of lean muscle mass in your body, your metabolism is going to increase which means youll burn off more calories and lose weight. When you stop taking in calories your body would automatically start using up these stockpiles. First, your body is going to convert your muscle mass into energy and thats going to slow your metabolism so you dont need as many calories in the first place which makes it harder for you to lose weight. A better plan is to gradually reduce your calorie intake and let your body adjust to the changes. For example, you might reduce your calories by 10% the first week, another 10% the second week, and so on. This prevents your body from going into starvation mode. When you begin with your body building workouts, it would be prudent to begin with bigger lifting. Starting out this way will help the human body to produce what is known as the Human Growth Hormone. Not only is this good for the rest of your body, but it will also help your muscles to grow. It would be wise to stay away from the machines and just go for the free weights as they call for a greater amount of control than a machine would. As long as you do compound body biulding workouts, your arms will get the workout that they need. As you are performing a sort of pulling action, which is to say rows or even pull ups, youre performing some great biceps workouts in the process. If you do arm body building workouts alone at first, then your compound workouts will not turn out very well. Make sure you do the standard arm workouts at the end. If you are finished with the big compound body building work outs, then its time to move on to the arm exercises to get big biceps. Hit your arms from as many angles as you can, but dont over do it. You can do a standing curl to hit the middle portion of the biceps; a decline curl your biceps to get it in the stretched position; and a concentration or spider curl to really hit the peak contraction point. By the way these are all supplicated, or palms up. One thing that you can do is superset the biceps. There are three triceps exercises that you can take advantage of in order do to this. One of these is an overhead triceps extension which is a standing triceps pushdown and kick-back. Remember to choose a position for the day and dont just go at it haphazardly. A few examples of good positions are middle, stretched, peak, and many others. Though youll want to do three or maybe even four supersets in a day, it isnt a good idea to exceed that. Above all, do warm-up exercises before you begin so you dont end up pulling something! Then theres the brachial is muscle. This is a muscle that is beneath the biceps and you will need to maintain a decent balance within your arms. To do this, you will need to turn your palms down during the exercise. Note that the brachial is the main muscle involved in flexing your elbow. If you turn your palms down, the biceps will be out of the picture and you will be able to focus on the brachial. By making the muscle bigger, the biceps will be pushed up, and they will be more prevalent. EFFECTS OF USING BASEBALL STEROIDS Base ball Steroids are man-made substances related to male hormones which are injected a players blood system to enhance muscle building and masculine characteristics. Though base ball steroids are illegal, they are still used by many athletes, baseball players, body builders and even coaches of high schools enforce use of athletic teens. Over time, these drugs cause serious health problems and many are irreversible. These drugs are taken a period of time, called cycling. This process involves taking multiple doses over a specific period of time, stopping for a period and starting up again. Anabolic baseball steroids are artificially produced testosterone, a male hormone. Because it is a male hormone, this drug increases strength, energy, and muscle mass. Baseball players are attracted to baseball steroids use because of its purported-and often very apparent-energy enhancement effects in a very short period of time and for a relatively small amount of effort. However, the health risks related to steroid abuse cannot be overstated. Base ball steroids have at least three different effects on the heart; they could lower the good type of cholesterol and raise the bad type of cholesterol in the blood or raise your blood pressure. They can also damage the heart by enlarging the left ventricle. Base ball steroids also have physical side effects like, enlarged breast in men. Women using them may develop a deep voice, facial hair and mens baldness. Base ball steroids also cause liver damage, stroke, prostrate cancer, sexual impotence and even infertility. These emotional-psychological effects like aggression, uncontrollable mood-swings, and psychiatric side effects are the most common side effects of base ball steroids. As a player, you may feel good when using base ball steroids but if you use them continuously you may start experiencing violence and manic-like symptoms. Depression is seen when use of the base ball steroids is stopped, which is why most users become dependant on steroids. Base ball steroid users suffer from irritability, delusions, jealously, paranoia, and impaired judgment on others. Some base ball steroid users begin turning to other dangerous drugs, such as heroin and opiates, to deal with the pain of steroid use. Despite their much highly acknowledged ability to pump up a player quickly, base ball steroids have another reputation that is not as well recognized. They are a temporary fix; indeed, the energy that base ball steroids build so quickly will just as quickly diminish once you stop taking them. This is why many players suffer from long-term base ball steroid abuse-to maintain their energy enhancing effects, they must continue taking this synthetic hormone. Continued baseball steroid abuse then leads to higher risks the users health. It would appear that the only benefit of base ball steroid use is their temporary advantage, but this advantage is accompanied by serious and often irreversible effects upon the users physical and sometimes emotional and psychological health. Besides use of base ball steroids is like digging ones own grave. STEREOTYPES ABOUT WOMEN IN BODY BUILDING What a man can do a woman can do it better This is a common saying in todays world where women have taken up the challenge of going an extra mile in trying out tasks and jobs earlier reserved for men. This includes sporting activities like body building whereby women strive to get the strong and tough bodies that some men have. Unfortunately, many women avoid bodybuilding because theyre afraid that theyll start looking manlier. These women are victims of the loads of stereotypes out there on the bodies of women in body building. Below are some of the most common stereotypes that are discouraging women from getting kind the bodies that they really want. For instance, the assumption that bodybuilding will make you develop muscle, but will not add the masculinity factor. Most definitely women in body building will definitely not look like male bodybuilders. Men produce lots more testosterone than women do, which is the main difference in anatomy of men and women. This chemical is that same component that lets men bulk up a lot. You can only get muscle to this magnitude if you intentionally take testosterone supplements, so if you dont take them, youve got nothing to worry about. Doing weight training doesnt, in any way, turn women into men; it simply tones and sculpts the female body to the best possible shape. Another stereotype that women tend to wish it were a reality is the assumption that women in body building have bigger and fuller breasts. Just like for men, bodybuilding helps take off the fat from the body while putting muscle in the place. This means that it might actually make the breast size smaller. If you want to avoid this, its important that a specific bodybuilding regimen is made specifically for females, as it will take into account all female characteristics. Women that train properly do not have to worry about losing mass in their breasts in the least. Through the ages, many women have had the fear like how men in body building have stiff bodies, then it is the same for women in body building. They tend to believe that weight training causes their body to stiffen and become muscle-bound knuckle draggers. This is an outrageous stereotype because female bodybuilding will actually do the opposite: it will give you so much more flexibility and grace; its impossible to realize without witnessing. Every society has its own stereotypes that its people specially the ladies harbor about women in bodybuilding. Most of them are carried on by people who dont have the will to keep their body in healthy condition and are not even conversant with the field of body building thus probably they dont know what theyre saying. If you want to develop your body to lead a healthier life while looking amazing, the best advice would be to consult professionals who know what theyre talking about. Do not ever give up a chance to appear and feel better just because of a dumb myth or two. WHAT TO EXPECT FROM A BODY BUIDING ENCYCLOPEDIA If you wish to achieve success from body building, it is important to look for a body building encyclopedia. The encyclopedia offers near help when you have unanswered questions on body building. It also acts as a reference, somewhere where you can refer to for direction on your way to achieving your desired mass of body muscle. Sometimes, when you start out your body building program a lot of obstacles suddenly come out of nowhere. A body building encyclopedia should contain all information such that with a copy of it on your hands problem solving is easy. Firstly the encyclopedia should define exhaustively what body building is, elaborate the sport of body building and offer a differentiation of body building and related sports like weight lifting and body sculpting. It should also touch on the benefits of body building as an introduction. The body building encyclopedia should contain information on the right diet recommended for body builders. It should take into account the various proportions of proteins, carbohydrates, fats vitamins and minerals that a body builder requires in a day. In addition the body building encyclopedia will guide the reader into identifying foods that are locally available which contain the required diet. None the least it should warn the reader on those foods which are bound to slow down the achievement of body building goals In the bodybuilding encyclopedia, the reader will find information on artificial and natural bodybuilding supplements together with the pros and cons of using both the natural and artificial food supplements in body building. encyclopedia may indicate some of the stores where you can get these supplements together with the advised and rightful doses for taking the supplements. Covered in the body building encyclopedia is the routines and bodybuilding cycles of workouts that help bodybuilders achieve their goals. The encyclopedia explains the importance and benefit of each set of bodybuilding cycles and its applicability with the aide of structured illustrations and pictures. There may also be examples of renown body builders and their testimonies of what they have done to achieve the great bodies they have. It is crucial that the body building encyclopedia has information about body building and women. Perhaps it could discuss some of the existing myths about body building and womens health in a bid to shed light on what is fact and what is fiction. It should also tackle issue like womens reproduction health and its relationship with body building. Lastly the body building encyclopedia should offer a training guide to body building trainers as well as show the procedures followed in judging a body building competition. All this information should have references with the author quoting the source of the information. The body building encyclopedia can go ahead to recommend further reading from helpful books that have focused on the specific information. For instance the reader will be recommended to read on from diet books. At the end of the day getting your endeavored body muscle is your ultimate goal so if the body building encyclopedia can offer you all the support you need, then go ahead and get yourself a copy. BODY BUILDING SUPPLEMENTS NEEDED BY YOUR BODY Body building supplements come as additions to an already existing good nutrition and training program. Body building mostly entails proper nutrition and training. Body building supplements however do not make up for improper training, or a low quality diet but only work when your diet and your training program are optimal. Body building supplements are good because they prevent us from getting any nutritional deficiencies. The increased activity levels from your body building exercise program will make your body have greater demands for vitamins and minerals, which will increase the probability of you suffering a deficiency without supplementation. Every slight nutrient deficiency can sabotage muscle growth thus your body cannot solely rely on food nowadays to provide you with all the vitamins and minerals that your body needs because the processing of foods before they get to the supermarket, cooking, air, and even light have already robbed your foods of most of the vitamins that they have to offer. If you are deficient in one or more nutrients your body may not be able to build muscle and burn fat properly. Not all bodybuilding supplements are created equal though. Your will body always need some while others are more dependent upon what your goals are and what your budget looks like. There are different categories of body building supplements varying from those your body needs to use at all times and the ones you will take only when there is a need to. Your body requires basic body building supplements every day to help you gain muscle. You may as well leave on basic body building supplements alone depending on your finances. You may need to add multiple vitamin and vitamin formula to ensure that your body operates at maximum efficiency. These also help to convert the food you eat into hormones, tissues and energy. Your body as well requires vitamin body building supplements which are produced by both animals and vegetables. These function as enhancers of the actions of proteins that cause chemical reactions such as muscle building, fat burning and energy production. There are two major types of vitamins, the fat soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins. Never the less the body also needs mineral body building supplements whose main function is to ensure that your brain receives the correct signals from the body. Mineral body building supplements are also responsible for balancing of fluids, muscular contractions and energy production not forgetting the building of muscles and bones. Minerals, just like vitamins are divided into two categories. Bulk minerals are needed by the body in large quantities and contain chemicals like calcium magnesium, potassium, sodium and phosphorus. The body turns these minerals into energy. Trace minerals on the other hand are required in minimal amounts and are usually in the order of micro organisms like chromium, copper, cobalt, silicon, selenium, iron and zinc. You should however be very careful when buying body building supplements as some of the packs do not always contain what is written on the labels. Others come from very poor sources and are not absorbed in the body well. EFFECTS OF ANABOLIC STEROIDS ABUSE Just like a coin, anabolic steroids have two sides. They may be helpful to athletes, players and body builders in assisting them achieve the longed for winning performances but they have negative effects too. Before you embark on the use of anabolic steroids you may have to consider the following effects which apparently make the negative side of anabolic steroid use heavier than the positive one. Anabolic steroids inhibit natural hormones. Since the endocrine system of your body is responsible for balancing of hormones in the body, introduction of a new hormone makes it to stop the production of the natural hormone in order to maintain the balance. For instance injecting synthetic testosterone makes a mans endocrine system to stop producing the natural testosterone. These could make the man to have sexual dysfunctions. Almost every body who abuses anabolic steroids suffers liver damage. Most anabolic steroids which are ingested orally pass through the liver, which functions as the bodys filtration system. When something goes through the liver, it is broken down by various enzymes, and passed along into the bloodstream. Orally administered anabolic steroids elevate the liver enzymes following ingestion. The liver starts to wear out due to the anabolic steroids toxic productions. Eventually you may suffer liver cirrhosis The effects anabolic steroids have on men include the development of gynecomastia which is also known as feminization of the breast tissue in males. Anabolic steroids contain androgens which convert testosterone into estrogen. The excess estrogen then finds its way to the receptors in breast tissue and binds to them. This results in the possibility of female-like breast tissue. Male breast development occurs in basically the same way as female breast development, and the use of anabolic steroids can result in this happening at a later stage in life for males. At puberty a surplus of hormones all combine to stimulate the growth and development of breast tissue. Anabolic steroids can also cause the development of acne and the extent to which it is experienced can be due to a number of varying factors, with the particular steroids and exact dosages used being the two primary factors. The skins sebaceous glands have a particularly high affinity to testosterone, which is an androgen the body naturally produces. Increased sebaceous gland activity can make the skin oily. The oil in the skin combine with bacteria and dead skin caused by normal wear and tear, eventually causing pores to become clogged more quickly than the body can remove them. Among the effects of anabolic steroids in women is masculinization, or the development of male sexual characteristics. This side effect on women is often reversible after the cycle has ended. Some of the typical signs of masculinization are the development of a deeper voice, growth of facial hair, enlargement of external genitalia and possible male pattern baldness, or acne on the face or body. High blood pressure is possibly the most easily remedied of all anabolic steroid side effects. This commonly affects anabolic steroid using athletes attempting to gain maximum bulk to abstain from all aerobic activity which causes the body to work much harder to circulate blood. Also, the typical water and sodium retention induced by certain steroids can contribute to high blood pressure. Steroids Online Just like any other products and materials commonly used by man, steroids have found their way in to the internet. Marketers and drug store owners use this viable way to find market for steroids. This works as an advantage to any one out in the world that is in search for steroids. All you need is to have access to internet facilities and you can find steroids online. The internet can be offer a wide range of information varying from existing facts about steroids to new and viable markets where one can get cheap and legal steroids. Before you buy steroids online you must make sure that their source is legal. By obtaining steroids online from an illegal source you expose yourself to the risk of losing your job, acquiring health complications, a jail term sentence, or even something more dangerous like fakes that are ineffective and unsafe to take. To avoid facing any of these consequences its important to take note of the following pointers which are a guide to purchasing steroids online. The most common steroids online are the anabolic steroids. These are synthetically produced varieties of the male hormone called testosterone. Some of the most common steroids you can buy on the internet are anabolic steroids and they are synthetically produced varieties of the hormone called testosterone. You can use them for building tissues and muscles as well as to increase the prominence of masculine characteristics. Some online marketers may refer to them as androgenic-anabolic steroids while others may use names like gym candies, weight trainers, roids, Arnolds, stackers, juice or pumpers. All these names do refer to the same item. In countries where like the United States you may be required to have a doctors prescription to be able to acquire steroids online and use them legally. Buying prescribed steroids online is legal. You may however need to check with the authorities for existing drug laws in some countries to avoid getting into trouble. You should visit your physician for a thorough health check-up and evaluation before shopping for steroids online. This will help you determine if your body is allergic to any kind of steroids .The doctor can also advise you on which steroids are most compatible with your blood type. It is mandatory for patients of diabetes, HIV/AIDS and high blood pressure to have these check-ups and health evaluation since anabolic steroids could pose them the risk of worsening their conditions. No doctor will advise you to take anabolic steroids if you are below twenty one years of age since your body is not full developed just as you can not be allowed to buy steroids online. Remember to do a wide research on the internet and compare different markets before buying steroids online. You can also update your self on the latest developments on steroids and use them to improve your strength, stamina, agility and endurance. However as a consumer its important that to be very careful and be ware of internet fraudsters. Some pseudo companies advertising steroids online are just after stealing from gullible consumers. WOMEN AND BODY BUILDING If you are interested in the sport of body building, all you need to do is register or sign up in a gym. From there you will be allocated a trainer who takes you through the basic elements of body building. You also get to be introduced to other brave women in body building with whom you can look up to for encouragement. The first type of work outs you are likely to be introduced to are the cardio-vascular work outs. Women in body building go through cardio- vascular workouts to build energy on the lungs. Strong lungs will be necessary in the muscle gaining workouts that come later in training. They also prepare you for resistance workouts. Resistance workouts involve circuit training in which youll move from one exercise to another with little or no rest for one complete circuit, repeating the circuit up to four times. This type of workout is efficient and very effective. It takes little time, yet it works all of your major muscle groups so youll burn mega-calories. Each circuit contains 8 exercises which will become more difficult as you progress through the different fitness levels. Youll know youre ready to move to the next level when you can complete four full circuits of your current routine. It is important for women in body building to observe good nutrition and dietary habits as this is very much crucial in the sport. Besides work outs body building requires a strict adherence to the recommended diet. Your trainer may also advise you to buy food, vitamin and mineral supplements to enhance your exhausting body building activities. Eating the right quantities of carbohydrates, fats and proteins will help you to gain muscles faster than a body builder taking low or poor diets. Women in body building should however avoid the use of illegal anabolic steroids. Even though the promise of gaining a great mass of body muscle is very tempting, these anabolic substances come with their own consequences. Some are even very embarrassing for the users since they can not be covered, for instance if a woman in body building is using anabolic steroids, she is likely to develop a deep voice like that of men, facial hair and male partnered baldness. These are very embarrassing and incriminating evidence that the builder is using illegal anabolic steroids. Women in body building are a

Comparing the Message of The Rhodera, Each and All, and Hamatreya :: comparison compare contrast essays

The Message of The Rhodera, Each and All, and Hamatreya We hear every day that we don’t appreciate nature and that we try and conquer it but I don’t think anyone actually thinks about what that means. These three combine to tell of nature and what Emerson appreciates about it. They also let nature have a "say" about what she thinks of humans. In "The Rhodora" a simple flower makes the speaker of the poem consider his own creation. He talks of the beauty of this flower and how it rivals the rose. As Sidney stated, "Emerson was really in touch with the beauty of nature." In other words, many people in their discussion focused on the fact that these poems brought to our attention the incredible beauty of nature that we often overlook. To me, it goes much farther. Finally he states, "in my simple ignorance, suppose The self-same Power that brought me there brought you." You can almost feel the light bulb go off over the speaker’s head when he realizes that he is a part of a larger creation. He isn’t separate from this flower; the same force brought both of them to this world. He states that he was ignorant. Most of us are ignorant of the fact that we are a part of a world that is made up of interlocking parts. We consider ourselves "the top of the food chain." (In reality if a lion got hungry enough he’d eat us too.) Plants thrive off of the carbon dioxide that we produce and we thrive off of the oxygen that they produce. Nature depends upon itself. We are part of that creation, not rulers over it. The speaker here finally realizes that both man and flower were put on this earth by the same force and we depend upon each other. Nature makes him reflect upon his own creation.(This is similar to the idea brought up in the web hypertext on Nature—"most people define nature as Not-human but we are natural beings." This poem is the realization of this statement.) In "Each and All" this idea is taken one step further. The speaker states, "Thy life to thy neighbor’s creed has lent. All are needed by each one." In other words, all parts of life depend upon other components of life. He also talks of how he removed things from nature and got them home and all of a sudden they don’t seem the way they were.

Chemiluminescence

Chemiluminescence Professor Stewart CHM 151L-003 Group Members: Melissa Spegal Jessica Buddi March 19, 2013 Megan Cochran Professor Stewart Chemiluminescence March 19, 2013 Introduction: The objective of this lab was to carry out a systematic set of experiments in order to determine which combination of chemicals produce the brightest and longest lasting light, through chemiluminescence. Chemiluminescence can be defined as the emission of light by a chemical reaction that does not produce heat.Chemiluminescence can also be found in nature, where it is referred to as bioluminescence. This can often be found in many deep sea fish, algae, and fireflies. Luminol is one of many chemicals that can be used to create chemiluminescence outside of nature. Scientists are very interested chemiluminescence because it could be very helpful in many real life situations such as in glowsticks. The military uses high-grade glowsticks to have light in field situations where electricity is not an option .Marine biologists and deep sea divers also use those glow sticks to provide light and make new discoveries in the deeps of the ocean or underwater caves. During the chemiluminescence experiment the goal was to produce light during a series of trials in order to create light or a glow. In order to do this systematically, all chemicals were used to start and as it became apparent that some chemicals did not effect the outcome of certain trials they were eliminated one at a time.Because the trials were done systematically from one to the next, only one element of each trial was changed at a time,making it easy to single out the defining factors. There were many chemicals used during this experiment including Luminol, bleach, DMSO, NaOH, HCl, and H2O2. On the second day of trials, the Luminol was chilled to test the effects this would have on the glow we obtained through chemical reactions. Results of Day 1: Table 1:Trial | Luminol (D) | Bleach (D) | DMSO (D) | 1M NaOH (D) | 1M HCl | H 2O2 (D) | Results | A1 | TAD | 5* 1 | 5 2 | 5 3 | 5 4 | 5 5 | Orange color | A2 | TAD | 10 2 | 5 1 | 10 4 | 10 3 | 10 5 | Brown | A3 | TAD | 5 2 | | | | 5 1 | FLASH yellow | A4 | TAD | 3 1 | | | | 2 2 | Slight flash | A5 | TAD | 5 3 | | 5 2 | | 5 1 | * Flash | A6 | TAD | 5 3 | | 5 2 | | 10 1 | Less flash | B1 | TAD | 5 4 | 5 3 | 5 2 | | 5 1 | Flash | B2 | TAD | 5 4 | | 5 2 | 5 3 | 5 1 | Flash | B3 | TAD | 5 4 | 5 3 | | 5 2 | 5 1 | | B4 | TAD | 5 4 | | 5 3 | 10 2 | 5 1 | Small flash | B5 | TAD | 5 4 | 10 3 | 5 2 | | 5 1 | Blue flash | B6 | TAD | 5 4 | 10 2 | 5 1 | | 5 3 | 2. 7 sec flash | C1 | TAD | 5 3 | 11 2 | 5 1 | | 5 4 | Small blue flash after bleach | C2 | TAD | 3 4 | 10 1 | 5 2 | | 5 3 | 3. 2 sec flash | C3 | TAD | 5 4 | 10 1 | 5 2 | | 5 3 | Small blue flash | C4 | TAD | 3 4 | 5 1 | 10 2 | | 5 3 | 4 seconds flash/glow | C5 | TAD | 10 4 | 2 1 | 10 2 | | 5 3 | 6 sec glow | C6 | TAD | 10 4 | 10 1 | 10 2 | | 10 3 | 24. sec glow | D1 | TAD | 10 4 | 10 2 | 10 1 | | 10 3 | | D2 | TAD | 10 4 | 3 1 | 10 2 | | 5 3 | Small flash | D3 | TAD | 5 3 | | 5 2 | | 5 1 | Small flash | D4 | TAD | 1 4 | 10 1 | 5 2 | | 1 3 | Flash | D5 | TAD | 2 1 | 10 2 | | | 10 3 | | D6 | TAD | 4 1 | 10 2 | | | 10 3 | | , Asterick ( * ) – stirred Highlighted – Order of placement into the cell wells. The tad of Luminol was the first in every trial. (D) – Drops Pink Highlighted Row: Best Trial of the Day Results of Day 2: Table 2:Trial | Luminol (mL) | Bleach (D) | DMSO (D) | H2O2 (D) | NaOH | Results | A1 | TAD | 10 4 | 10 1 | 10 3 | 10 2 | Quick glow – odor | A2 | 1 1 | 5 2 | | 5 3 | 5 2 | glow | A3 | 1 1 | 5 4 | 5 2 | 5 3 | | glow | A4 | 1 1 | 5 3 | | 10 2 | | glow | A5 | 1 3 | 5 4 | 5 2 | | 10 1 | glow | A6 | 1 1 | 5 3 | | | 5 2 | glow | B1 | 1 1 | 5 3 | | 5 2 | | * ! long glow | B2 | 1 1 | 5 4 | 5 2 | 5 3 | | * | B3 | 1 1 | 5 3 | 5 2 | | | *! 36 sec glow | B4 | 1 1 | 10 3 | 10 2 | | | *! 23 seconds | B5 | 1 1 | 5 3 | | 10 2 | | * Bright but shorter | B6 | 1 1 | 5 3 | 5 2 | | | *! | C1 | 1 1 | 5 4 | 10 2 | 2 3 | | *! | C2 | 1 1 | 5 3 | 20 2 | | | *! 29 Secs | C3 | 1 3 | 1 2 | 1 1 | | | *! | Chilled – *Stirred – ! Highlighted – Order of placement into the cell wells. The tad of Luminol was the first in every trial. – Drops Pink Highlighted Row: Best Trial of the Day Table 3: MSDS Chemical Name | Ingestion | Skin Contact | Disposal | Inhalation | Luminol | Loosen clothing, if not breathing perform mouth to mouth recessitation. Do not induce vomit. | Wash with lots of water. Cover skin with emollient. | Not Available | Rest. Ventilate Area, seek medical attention. | Bleach | Drink Water. Do not induce vomiting. | Wash skin with water for 15-20 minutes. | Containerize and use absorbants on liquid. | Remove, fresh air. DMSO | Loosen clothing, if not breathing perform mouth to mouth recessitation. Do not induce vomit. | Wash with soap and water. | Waste container. | Fresh air | Discussion: The best trial of the exper iement was on day two, trial B3. During that trial 1 mL cold Luminol was used and added to the cell well first, followed by five drops of DMSO, and five drops of bleach in that order. This was the best trial because it yielded the brightest and longest lasting glow compared to all of the others. On the trial before the same exact method was carried out except there was hydrogen peroxide in the mix also. In order to change things up, the peroxide was eliminated and that proved to be an effective tactic.It became blatently apparent that some of the chemicals were not needed entirely including the NaOH, and HCL. By the trial B6, on the second da,y the HCL had been eliminated. Hydrogen peroxide was never eliminated but it was noted as in trial B3 on the second day that the longest trial was performed without it. Many factors affected the results of each trial, some definitely more than others. For instance, for the entire first day, all trials were performed with the solid form of Lumin ol, and on the second day, starting with trial A2, the Luminol stock solution was used. As reflected in the table above, the stock solution created a much longer glow on average.To furthur amplify the Luminol's effect from trial B1 on day two, the Luminol stock solution was used in a chilled form which created the best results of both days as seen in trial B3. It also became apparent that stirring the chemicals helped maintain the glow longer per trial C2 on day two. Luminol was the only chemical that was chilled, all other chemicals remained room temperature. The order of chemicals was an important factor in creating chemiluminescence as well. During the beginning trials of the first day the best order to add the chemicals was not apparent, but by trial C4 one thing was certain, the luminol needed to be the first chemical placed in the well. In trial C3, when Luminol was added last, there was only a small blue flash with no lingering glow at all.Also, by the second day, it was real ized that the bleach was reacting with the Luminol and if the bleach was added last, the glow did not fizzle out as quickly such as in trial B4 on the second day, which had a 23 second glow, subsequently improving results on day two as opposed to the first day. After completeing much more in-depth research on the topic of chemiluminescence other checmicals had been foun, that if the experiment was done over would have been requested, such as copper nitrate, which would have significantly extended the length of the glow. Conclusion: Using 1mL of chilled Luminol stock solution, five drops of DMSO, and five drops of bleach, in that order and stirring at the end, the longest glow of 36 seconds was created as per trial B3 on day two. The bleach reacting with the Luminol gave a bright glow, and the DMSO aided in the length of time the trial glowed.

pondweed essays

pondweed essays I worked out an average for each distance on my results so it made them much more reliable, my averages are in the table below. Distance of lamp from pondweed (cm) Average amount of bubbles given off for each distance (rounded to the nearest whole number) As you can see from my table, my results are very varied because in my prediction I said that the closer the light to the pondweed the more oxygen bubbles would be given off but in my results it goes against my prediction. As 20cm away gave off the most oxygen bubbles, 40cm away gave off second highest amount of air bubbles followed by 10cm away and then 30cm and in last place as I predicted it was 50cm, the only result that went with my prediction was 50cm away from the pondweed. In my experiment there wasnt actually any trends or patterns, the results were not the same as I predicted and there is no clear pattern or trend that has occurred to me. As you can see above I have made an extra table for making an average for each distance, I did this so it would make my test more reliable and accurate and therefore place them in an order for me to see which gave off the most oxygen bubbles and so on. The scientific knowledge that I knew before this experiment was that plants need light to carry out photosynthesis and produce bubbles of oxygen gas, but if light is limiting, then the rate of photosynthesis is also limiting which allows the rate of bubbles to slow down and the less oxygen bubbles is produced but unfortunately my results did not show this as I had first expected. Maybe my results were so varied because we did not have the exactly the same amount of carbon dioxide in each test but this would be down to not having top range equipment to make sure the amount of carbon dioxide stays exactly the same. ...

Head Used in Idioms and Expressions

'Head' Used in Idioms and Expressions The following idioms and expressions use the noun head. Each idiom or expression has a definition and two example sentences to help understanding of these common idiomatic expressions with head.   Able to do something standing on ones head Definition: do something very easily and without effort Hes able to count backward standing on his head.Dont worry about that. I can do it standing on my head. Bang your head against a brick wall Definition: do something without any chance of it succeeding Ive been banging my head against a brick wall when it comes to finding a job.Trying to convince Kevin is like banging your head against a brick wall. Beat something into someones head Definition: teach someone something by repeating it over and over again Sometimes you just need to beat grammar into your head.My father beat the importance of kindness into my head. Bite someones head off   Definition: criticize someone strongly Tim bit my head off last night at the party.Dont bit my head off just because I made a mistake. Bring something to a head   Definition: cause a crisis to happen We need to bring the situation to a head to get a resolution.The immigration situation brought the political crisis to a head. Bury ones head in the sand   Definition: ignore something completely Youre going to have to face the situation and not bury your head in the sand.He chose to bury his head in the sand and not confront her. Cant make heads or tails out of something Definition: not be able to understand something I hate to admit that I cant make heads or tails out of this math problem.The politicians cant make heads or tails out of the current employment crisis.   Drum something into someones head Definition: repeat over and over until someone learns something I had to drum German grammar into my head for two years before I could speak the language.I suggest you drum this into your head for the test next week. Fall head over heels in love Definition: fall deeply in love She fell head over heals in love with Tom.Have you ever fallen head over heels in love? From head to toe Definition: dressed or covered in something completely Hes dressed in blue from head to toe.Shes wearing lace from head to toe.   Get a head start on something Definition: begin doing something early Lets get a head start on the report tomorrow.She got a head start on her homework immediately after school. Get your head above water Definition: keep going in life despite many difficulties If I can find a job Ill be able to get my head above water.Study these pages and youll get your head above water. Get someone or something out of ones head Definition: remove someone or something from your thoughts (often used in the negative) Im really upset that I cant get her out of my head.She spent three years getting those experiences out of her head. Give someone a heads start Definition: let someone else begin before you in  a competition of some kind Ill give you twenty minutes heads start.Can you give me a heads start? Go over someones head Definition: not be able to understand something Im afraid the joke went over her head.Im afraid the situation goes over my head.   Go to someones head Definition: make someone feel better than others His good grades went to his head.Dont let your success go to your head. Stay humble. Have a good head on your shoulders Definition: be intelligent Shes got a good head on her shoulders.You can trust him because hes got a good head on his shoulders. Head someone or something off Definition: arrive before someone or something else Lets head them off at the pass.We need to head the problem off. Hit the nail on the head Definition: be exactly right about something I think you hit the nail on the head.His answer hit the nail on the head. In over ones head Definition: do something that is too difficult for a person Im afraid Peter is in over his head with Mary.Do you ever feel that youre in over your head? Lose your head Definition: become nervous or angry Dont lose your head over the situation.She lost her head when he told her he wanted a divorce. Learn more idioms and expressions in English with resources on the site, including stories with multiple idioms and expressions in context.

Al-Qaeda Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Al-Qaeda - Research Paper Example Their operations heightened from 1991-2011 and declined in the same year after the death of their founder Osama bin Laden. Members pledge their loyalty to Osama bin Laden and undergo training in various camps such as those in Sudan, Afghanistan, Pakistan or Iraq. According to the alliance, killing a person is sacred and the killer is always blessed. Muslim followers who terrorize their fellows are cursed for instance Gadhaffi, Hosni Mubarak, Hafez Assad among others. They disregard the law against killing and believe that Christians and Jews are there to paralyze Islam. They are also against the set laws in a bid to replace them with the Sharia law (Geltze, 2007). The training manual begins by asserting that Muslims initially suffered under the hands of the missionaries who took over the colonialists. Their intention was to rid off the religion by doing everything through the western way. Muslim youths were subjected to this lifestyle until it dawned to them that they were being misled. From then they vowed to take revenge against their perpetrators; Christians and Jews. Religion allows defense through jihad or holy war conduced using weapons as well as committing all sorts of criminal activities from kidnapping to bombing. They are supposed to mix with other people by sharing the same residential houses but using false identities. Identity should change from location to location to avoid suspicion. The spirit of comradeship is emphasized with members avoiding the acts of betrayal to their fellows. All types of misdeeds can be done to the potential targets who are the non-conformists of Islam. The alliance also operates under the principles o f patience, maturity, truth, love, discipline, secrecy and physical fitness (Al-Qaeda Manual). Terrorists willingness to attack with nuclear and other weapons of mass destruction (biological, chemical

Tourism report for Lincoln Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Tourism report for Lincoln - Essay Example The county is divided into two, with the River Witham flowing between the two parts, known as namely ‘uphill’ and ‘downhill.’ The northern area, which is the ‘uphill’ area is where the historical part of the county houses. Historical structures belonging to this part of the city include the Lincoln Cathedral, the Lincoln Castle and the Medieval Bishop’s Palace. There are also residential areas in this part of the city. The ‘downhill’ area comprises of the city centre, and the residential houses belonging to this part of the county are less affluent than their uphill counterparts. This divide has been considered to date from the Norman times during the Norman Conquest. At that time, the hilltop was occupied by mostly the military elite as well as the religious elite. Well-known and exclusive organizations belonging to the ‘uphill’ area include the Lincoln Uphill Gardeners’ Club, the Lincoln Backgammon Club and the Lincoln Astronomical Society. It is mainly a historical county, which houses evidence of being inhabited by the Romans, the Normans, the Medievals, the Tudors and the Georgians. That comprises of around 2000 years of history altogether, making the county ideal for educational tourism. In the first century, the county was known as Lindum Colonna by the Romans, and it was in fact the home of Roman legionnaires and their families. Evidence of this is the Newport Arch that the Romans themselves built over Ermine Street (About Britain.com, 2010). The economy of the county is one that depends on commerce, agriculture, public administration and tourism. Previous years show evidence that Lincoln used to be a major industrial area. However, such evidence exists simply in the warehouses that have been left behind, and are now being used to conduct other purposes, such as a broadcasting station. Recently, the county has begun to develop itself into an IT rich

Global Corporate Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words - 1

Global Corporate Strategy - Essay Example In order to supply the electricity Britain needed to develop infrastructure which would allow it to export electricity all across the world (Macalister, 2010). Prior to 1989 all electricity needs of Britain and Wales was taken care by the Central Electricity Generating Board. However there was a sharp decline in power stations during the period 1958 to 1986 because of increasing technical complexities associated with the industry.With privatization and deregulation of the electricity industry in 1991, CEGB went through a massive restructuring of the organization. PowerGen was formed to take care of the non nuclear power generation. The report has been framed in the context of PowerGen. The report starts with an understanding of the terms corporate planning and strategy. It then tries to analyze the impact of changes in organizational structure on corporate planning of PoweGen. The next section deals with understanding of the core competencies and capabilities of PowerGen and how it has helped PowerGen to maintain its market share and profits. It also analyzes the core competencies and capabilities of EDF and E.ON. The report also explores the impact of privatization and deregulation on PowerGen. The report ends with understanding of the centralized nature of planning of CEGB with reference to Hofstede’s article titled â€Å"Cultural constraints in management theories†. Corporate planning involves setting the corporate goals and objectives and identifying long term plans to ensure development of the company. Corporate planning is based on macroeconomic forecasts of various economic factors which were then analyzed with regards to the organization’s performance. It is a description of various economic trends like market share, demand conditions, costs and margins, marketing trends and industry trends. In 1974 and 1979 the world was hit by oil crisis which led to macroeconomic

Fn 11 Cooking Medium Matrix Essay Example for Free

Fn 11 Cooking Medium Matrix Essay Cooked Product| Medium of Cooking| Cooking Method| Description| Sensorial Qualities| Grilled Pork Liempo| Air| Charcoal Grilling| The pork, after being marinated, is placed on a hot grill where it is cooked from the hot air caused by the heat source, coal. The pork is also cooked because of the heat transfer from the metal grill. | The pork becomes a dark brown color and is slightly chard in some areas (having grill marks); the meat is tender and easy to chew while the fat on the meat is greasy and moderately soft; the pork’s flavour is very developed due to the marinade. It also has a smoky flavour which is caused by the charcoal. | Pork Sinigang| Water| Boiling| The pork is boiled in a pot of water for several minutes with onions and tomatoes and spices like tamarind and such. When the pork is thoroughly cooked, the vegetables are then added and allowed to cook as well. | The meat and the fat are very pale in color; the pork’s meat and fat are both very tender. The fat melts in your mouth and is very gelatinous; the pork has a less developed taste and much of the flavour is transferred to the broth of the Sinigang. | Fried Pork Chop| Oil| Pan Frying| The pork is marinated and is then pan fried in a skillet with a fair amount of oil. The pork is first cooked on one side then is flipped over and cooked on the other. | The pork becomes golden brown; the skin clinging to the fat becomes crispy while the fat becomes soft and tender. The meat is often slightly tough; flavour is developed because frying lets the meat’s juices come out and because of the marinade. The taste of the pork is strong in the meat. | Savoury Pork Stew | Oil and Water| StewingSearing | The pork is first seared at high temperature for a few minutes. After this, the pork is then cooked in a pot with water and other ingredients, like tomato paste and such, to let the meat tenderize, develop flavour, and stew. After the meat is completely cooked and when the water has reduced to a thick sauce, vegetables like potatoes and carrots are added to improve flavour. | The pork becomes a dark brown and is often coated in a thick sauce; the fat and the meat are very tender and easily break apart;the meat develops a lot of flavour due to the stewing process; a lot of the pork’s fat becomes rendered into the sauce of the stew.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Case Study

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Case Study CASE STUDY : COPD This piece of work will explore the comprehensively physical examination, differential diagnosis and various diagnostic tests to confirm the disease condition that is CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASE. It will then move further to discover the comprehensive treatment plan and present a argument on an excellent method to treat the disease condition on the basis of current evidenced based studies. The actual name of the patient is replaced with another name so as to retain confidentiality (Dimond, 2002). Mr.X is a 58 year retired office manager came to the emergency ward with his son. He had chief complaints of difficulty in breathing, severe cough, weakness and was feeling discomfort. Patient general appearance shows that he is weak, sitting in high fowlers position, respiring through pursed lips. Suggest that this type of breathing is the indication of emphysema. Pursed lip breathing helps in emitting the air which is trapped in the lungs and limits the force for taking breath (Rik Gosselink, 2003). History taking and proper investigations are the two main components for confirming the disease condition. Complete history is essential to determine the exact etiology of shortness of breath that includes past history of asthmatic attack, family history of asthma, occupational history, present history of smoking, alcohol intake, medication history, episodes of cough whether it is productive or not, presence of any heart problems (Walsh, 2008). COPD develops due to the lack of alpha one antitrypsin hereditary factor. Furthermore the occupational hazards along with genetic factor deteriorate the condition. So detail history collection including all the aspects is significant (Yohannes and Hardy, 2003). History of patient reveals that patient was a chronic smoker from the past 20 years and consume near about twenty cigarettes every day, although patient left smoking 6 months ago his smoking history provides estimation of 20 packs a year. Moreover COPD is more prevalent in patient who consume 20 packs of cigarettes in one year (Georgios et al, 2004). However there are various other diseases that occur due to cigarette smoking such as cancer, heart diseases, pulmonary diseases, influenza, pneumococcal, meningococcal, tuberculosis etc (Arcavi and Benowitz, 2004). Also patient is not able to perform daily activities due to shortness of breath and cough with sputum production. These symptoms are quite common in carcinoma of bronchus, however difficulty in breathing, cough and sputum production are also main clinical symptom of COPD (Pauwels and Rabe, 2004). Moreover, history of the client indicates that plentiful production of sputum for more than three months for two years which shows t he presence of chronic bronchitis (GOLD, 2008). Patient is also not able to sleep during night. Awakening during night which occurs by shortness of breath reveal presence of congestive heart failure or asthma (Price, 2010). Complaints of patient we loss of weight, fatigue, chest tightness due to severe episodes of cough, disturbance in sleep. Dietary history shows that patient is non vegetarian, family history does not provide any significant data. Client having age more than 40 and have sign and symptom such as formation of sputum, difficulty in breathing, history of cigarette smoking and any inhalation of noxious fumes and chances of occurrence of COPD is more at the age above 40 ,therefore patient is believed to have COPD (Vestbo, 2010). Although all the sign and symptom of the client signify that patient is suffering from COPD still functional diagnosis is necessary to confirm the exact diagnosis and proper physical assessment is necessary to confirm the diagnosis (Ferrara, 2011). In high risk cases of COPD proper cardinal sign, body mass index, height and weight of the patient is to be notified as component of assessment (Stockle, 2007). The vital sign of patient are blood pressure:124/76mmHg, height: 174cm, rate of respiration: 20/minute, temperature: 98.2F, Weight: 56kg and body mass index is 19kg/m2. During inspection it is observed that shape of chest of patient is barrel and patient respire with the help of accessory muscle which indicates presence of emphysema (Smeltzer et al, 2009). This less amount of air in the lungs causes disturbance in breathing pattern (Celli, 2007). This alteration in shape of chest shape occur due to the decrease in flexibility of lungs muscles and therefore extra energy is required for this forceful type of breathing as a result client is not able to eat in adequate manner and loosen the weight (Smeltzer et al, 2009). Percussion indicate presence of tympanic resonance that occur because of less motion of diaphragm and presence of wheezing sounds indicating COPD (Celli, 2007). Auscultation indicate that there is extended forced expiratory pattern due to the decrease in air in the lungs. Congestive heart failure or lung fibrosis is differentiated from COPD on the basis of wheezing sound and presence of ronchi. Club shape finger of patient may indicate the presence of other disease condition such as cancer of lungs, bronchiectasis, and pulmonary fibrosis. The skin mucosa of the client is bluish which signify that less of oxygen in blood (American thoracic society, 2004) . Physical assessment of respiratory system does not provide the relevant and valid information for the detection of disease condition but related co morbid state and differential diagnosis are well judged with the help of thorough examination (Mcivor et al, 2004). However the decrease in flow of air in lungs is not predicted with the help of history collection and general assessment. Therefore pulmonary functional test such as spirometry is useful in diagnosing COPD (Travers et al, 2007). Furthermore for identification and confirmation of the COPD and its progress level can be easily identify with the help of spirometry (Stoloff, 2011). COPD is well detected with the help of satandarized device that is spirometry however this device is inconsistent in clinical area (Gold, 2008). Spirometry reading of patient reveals that FEV1/FVC is 56% , this value is less than 70% and it is categorize as stage two that is moderate. However spirometry is not believed to be valid tool for the evaluati on of broad category of airflow obstruction diseases (Borg, 2010, American Thoracic Society, 2004, GOLD, 2008). But provision of bronchodilators are beneficial in diagnosis of asthma and COPD and determine the limit of flow of air that is not reversible fully. Still the exact value of reversibility that helps in judging the patient asthmatic or COPD pdiseases is not known. However differential diagnosis of COPD can be clinically evaluated and also can determine by various non invasive procedures (Vestbo, 2010). Chest radiography is useful technique in excluding various differential diagnosis such as pneumothorax, chronic heart disease, pneumonia (Man et al, 2004). Therefore, to clear out the differential diagnosis, a proper clinical examination and simple investigations including chest radiography could resolve uncertainty if any (Vestbo, 2010). Radiography of chest mostly exhibit clear interstitial markings in patient with chronic bronchitis however there is no particular outcomes that provide evidence that radiography is beneficial for the diagnosis of COPD or Chronic bronchitis (Kane Graham, 2004). In the patient, chest radiography reveals that lung field is hyper distensded, diaphragms are flattened and retrosternal space is more which is the sign of emphysema. Moreover determination of various changes in lungs in case of emphysema can be determined with the help of superior type of chest film (Vestbo, 2010). However with the help of chest x ray it is not possible to detect initial stages of COPD (Gold, 2008). Therefore high resolution Computed tomography is used for identifying emphysema in the initial stages. Moreover the lesions in the lungs can be identifying with the help of high resolution computed tomography (HRCT) without any trouble (Gold, 2008). There are various other diagnostic test which are helpful in COPD confirmation with more accuracy such as arterial blood gas analysis, cardio pulmonary exercise test (GOLD, 2008). The presence of pulmonary emphysema and various other alternative diseases such as asthma and other minor airway diseases can be determined by the value of total lung capacity and diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide(Vandevoorde, 2006) suggest that through examination of blood gas, saturation of oxygen in blood, blood perfusion is determined (Smeltzer et al, 2009). (also supported that arterial blood analysis in moderate and severe cases of COPD should be performed (Vestbo, 2010). However this test is not is not a reliable test to confirm COPD but in high risk cases of emphysema this test is helpful to know hypoxemia (Travers et al, 2010). Value of ABG analysis of patient was PH-7.30, Pao2-84mmHg, Paco2-48mmHg, HCO3-25mg/dl and Sao2 94% Haemoglobin level of patient was 13.4 mg/dl . Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease is the disease of respiratory system that causes non reversible and progressive decrease in pulmonary function (Higginson, 2010). The air flow is not proper in lungs due to this reduction of lung function. The diseases it includes are bronchitis, asthma and emphysema. It effect more than three million people in England. (Jones, 2001) In the Western World, the main cause of COPD is smoking, smoking is related with over 90% of this disease, however COPD occurs in merely 10% to 20% of chronic chain smokers. (Beyer et al, 2008)Respiratory illness is also occurred by passive smoking. (Higginson, 2010) Genetic factor is also responsible for yhe occurrence of COPD however there is only one genetic factor alpha antitrypsin that involes in causing this disease. The lack of this genetic factor is the single major risk factor for the occurrence of this disease. Though determine in only one percemt cases of COPD. Contact with noxious substances is the most c ommon cause of COPD. (Yohannes and Hardy, 2003) There are various diseases in childhood such as pneumonia and whooping cough prior to the age of 12 year are considered to be the risk factor of bronchiectasis and bronchiolitis. Females are at high risk of COPD than man however argues that there is no difference in occurrence of COPD in male and females (Lindberg, 2006). The progress of the disease inside body is mostly described by the inflammation that involve central and peripheral airways. By the inhalation of the noxious substances or irritants , inflammation occurs in the central airway. Due to this soreness , there is more secretion of mucus that damage the ciliary clearance. As a result the glands of the mucus turn into large size and therefore more production of mucus take place due to more amount of goblet cells. This increase production of mucus provides an brilliant medium for the growth of microorganism cause the impairment of airway. Repeated infection causes damage to cilliary body and further inflammation. This progression leads to constriction of airway . Following obstruction trapping of air inside lungs occurs that result in hyperinflation, difficulty in breathing and less tolerance to exercise. The chronic obstruction diseases are chronic bronchitis, emphysema (Higginson, 2010). For the appropriate management of COPD, holistic approach must be taken in account (Paul, 2004). Individually management plan must be made that covers the essential components such as termination of smoking, dietary management and function of lungs should be maintained by medication therapy. Instant treatment in emergency unit is started with the provision of oxygen and sometime bronchodilator may be beneficial to find out reaction to the treatment (Gold, 2008). Moreover administration of oxygen helps in treating hypoxemia and hence improves breathing problem (Downs Appel, 2007). However excess utilization of oxygen may lead to withholding of carbon dioxide level in lungs. So it should be provided with cautious (Kevin, 2007). Patient was provided with oxygen therapy for short duration, the partial pressure of oxygen of the patient is 74% so there is no requirement of oxgen for long term (Gold, 2008). Drug therapy is beneficial for the treatment of COPD and it is provided according to the seriousness level of disease condition (Incalzi et al, 2006). In mild COPD cases, short acting beta 2 adrenoceptor agonists is advised whereas in moderate and severe cases long acting beta 2 adrenoreceptor agonist are recommended. Moreover anti cholinergic is beneficial and easily bearable in older people. Pharmacotherapy is essential in relieving the various symptoms however there is no medication that reveals long lasting improvement of lung function (Gold, 2004). Suggest that with the combination of different drug therapy can give better result and reduce the harmful effects as compared to large amount of single dosage. The preference of different bronchodilators depends upon, accomplishment of desired reaction and ill effects (Downs Appel, 2007). Suggest that due to very few harmful effects and less dosage requirement, inhalation route is chosen for treatment (American thoracic society, 2004) . The widely used short acting beta agonist are salbutamol, terbutaline, pirbut erol and salmeterol, formoterol are the long acting beta agonist also methylxanthines such as theophylline , antichollinergic and inhaled corticosteroid are commonly used that are beneficial in reducing m mucus secretion in airway (Nazir and Erbland, 2009). Pharmacotherapy in the patient was begin with the administration of combined therapy of salbutamol of dose 50Â µg with ipratropium 20Â µg. these are the bronchodilators which is provided with the help of inhaled and injection of theophyllin also administered through intra muscular route. There are some other drugs that are beneficial in severe stage such as antioxidants and immunoregulators (Gold, 2008) Improper nutrition in COPD patient is quite general and it has harmful influence on the pulmonary functioning. So helping the client in maintenance of adequate nutrition level is important and beneficial in improving the respiratory functioning (Shepherd, 2010). Moreover the client whose BMI is less than 21 kg/m2 should be given supplementary diet in order to improve condition of client further (Vermeeren et al, 2001). However age associated alteration in structure, height, muscular changes and if value of BMI is more than also malnutrition cannot be identified (Shepherd, 2010). In patient BMI is in normal category instead patient is advised to take adequate calories, carbhohydrate and proteins in diet. Patient is also advised to avoid caffeine, restrict sodium and taking more milk. The other preventive measure is vaccination of influenza. It has much influence in prevention of various acute respiratory illnesses along with COPD. This type of vaccination must be advised to each patient suffering from COPD (Wongsurakiat, 2004) . Patient who is moderate or severe deterioration of lung function then pulmonary rehabilitation is beneficial to gain maximum functioning to manage with disease condition. Patients are motivated to do different types of exercise to keep body healty Such as steps up, walking , various arm exercises, self handling of various activites such as taking medication, that helps in keeping the function of different system appropriately. Also exercise for decreasing hyperinflation and manage dyspnoea such as deep breathing and pursed lip is advised to the patient (Barnett, 2008). Moreover advantages of rehabilitation of lung fuction maintain for numerous months even after the end of this program (O` Donell, 2007) . COPD is the most prevalent problem that effect mostly elderly people. The mai symptom of COPD is shortness of breath, production of cough with sputum. The main cause of occurrence of this disease is cigarette smoking. History taking and physical examination is beneficial in excluding all the differential diagnosis. Through spirometry diagnosis of COPD can be made. Pharmacology is helpful in controlling the further spread of disease but medication does not provide efficient result in long term care. CASE STUDY ON SPINAL CORD INJURY This case study will throw light on the complete physical examination and diagnostic test and a range of laboratory investigation to confirm the diagnosis. It will then undergo detail treatment plan along with differential diagnosis to explain the appropriate intervention on the basis of present evidence sources. Also it will explore the recent issues regarding care of spinal cord injured patent. The actual name of the patient is changed in the study so that data cannot be recognized (Dimond, 2002). Mr. Malik Aggarwal is a 21 year old student studying in University of Greenwich doing mastering in marketing. During summer break in France, Malik was struck with an motorbike accident. During accident he fall harshly on the footpath from his bike and was lying towards his abdomen . This accident was witnessed by the policeman and he quickly gave call for first aid management. Ambulance was arrived soon and emergency staff identify the severity of Malik injury, they protect the neck of the victim with the help of strong board and immobilize the part before transferring him to the emergency department of the closest hospital. Patient was awake and also familiarized with current date, day and location. He was also replying in well manner. After reaching hospital, he complained of loss of feeling on his both legs, severe pain in neck, mild pain on his back and all extremities, patient was not able to move his neck and lower extremities properly. The assessment was carried out by the eme rgency specialist staff, and found that there were contusions and lesions present on his trunk and lower extremities, the restriction of the neck was rapidly maintained by the staff with the help of firm cervical collar. In order to limit further deterioration of condition, patient was supported with cervical traction and head was also supported with motion restricted devices that are helpful in maintaining proper alignment (Grubb, 2006) . The cardinal signs were checked and indicate that patient has Blood pressure of 100/70, pulse rate: 90/minute, respiration: 20/mt, temperature: 98.4 F and oxygen saturation was 90%. During history collection main emphasis should be given on complete mechanism that how the injury took place, this data is confirmed from the witness and also who is present at the time of accident to so as to proceed accurately towards confirmation of diagnosis (Schreiber, 2009). Other physical and social factors should be noticed that may interfere with the proper assessment of pain (Cruz-Almeida, 2007). Moreover complete history plays an important role in knowing possible etiology of different symptoms and also helps in excluding differential diagnosis. Proper pharmacological history , family history and dietary history should be taken because it might be beneficial in knowing the disease (Cox, 2008) . History collection of patient reveals that patient was anxious and had complaint of pain at the site of neck. The constant pain occur due to the contraction of muscles of neck muscls. There were presence of mild lesions on the trunk and extremities. Therefore it might be the case of injury on cervical cord because continual pain is the indication of spinal cord injury (Lee and Ostrander, 2003) . The exact cause of injury is the extreme flexion of head towards the chest that is due to hyperflexion. Moreover if the main reason of spinal cord injury is hyperflexion or hyperextension then it might be the case of spinal cord injury (ElFaramawy, 2009). Client gave appropriate reaction to each question during history taking , this shows that patient has good level of consciousness. As patient vital sign indicate that patient has hypotension, low respiratory rate and decrease in temperature. The one reason for the occurrence of hypotension might be the interference of vagal and symphathetic vascular tone (Karlet 2001). The client symptoms of hypotension, bradycardia indicates that it might be due to neurogenic shock (McLeod, 2004). After the collection of data it is essential to carry out physical assessment by covering all the aspects. Adequate Physical assessment is the basis in determining the injury related to spinal cord (Bono and Lee, 2004). Moreover physical examination especially of neurological system is beneficial in gathering the baseline data. The main section in neurological examination include will be cranial nerves, sensory and motor function and also reflexes (Noah, 2004). Assessment take place by mkaintaing proper interpersonal relationship with patient. While doing inspection assess for the mental condition, intellectual and cognitive response of the patient (Crimlisk, Grande 2004). Assess for the posture of the patient, if posture maintained by patient is decerebrate thenit may indicate trauma in the midbrain. With the help of Glasgow coma scale, level of consciousness should be assessed and also this scale is beneficial in determining the sensory, motor and verbal response. However the response through this scale is not satisfactory in determing the verbal function (Iyer, 2009). Assess for the extremities for spasticity, presence of weakness, flaccidity as these are the significant mark of damage to neurologic system and also assess for the pronator drift which signify hemiparesis (Crimlisk and Grande, 2004). In the patient, level of consciousness through Glasgow coma is assessed and it is found to be 13 which is normal(Iyer, 2009). Inspection of the patient indicates that there is presence of abrasions on the body and he has difficulty in breathing which is indicated from the use of accessory muscles. This data may be crucial in determine that damage occur in between C3 and C5 vertebrae (Walker, 2009). Neck and trunk should be properly palpated as it is helpful in determine any kind of defect in the neurological system. Palpation should be done in an appropriate manner starting from the cranium and regularly descending along the vertebral disc. On palpation of patient there is feeling of rigidity of muscles of cervical and tenderness. So there are chances of cervical injury (Noah, 2004). Diagnosis of spinal cord injury is based not just on history collection and examination infact complete neurological examination and radiographic studies are essential for the confirmation of diagnosis (Berney, et al 2011) . Spinal nerve assessment should be done with the help of hammer that should be strike beneath the knee. Striking causing sending of nerve impulse and thigh muscles contracted due to this flow of nerve impulse. If there is no contraction of muscles then it indicates there is distruption in the pathway and some sensory or motor deficit. In patient there was mild contraction of muscle fibre indicate neurological deficit(Cox, 2008). After that cranial nerves should be assessed by various method such as recognization of smell, assessment of the vision through snellen chart, assess for speech ,facial expression, assess for optic fundi with the help of opthalmoscope, if there is presence of papilloedema it may be the case of increase intracranial pressure. In patient all the cranial nerves are intact and also no papilloedema is present which exclude the diagnosis of increased intracranial pressure (Cox, 2008) . Patient motor and sensory function is determined by the American Spinal Injury Association (AISA) impairment scale. In this scale sensory deficit and motor impairment is recognized with the help of broad categorization. In the patient the strength of elbows, wrist was normal, the stretch of the biceps and triceps was also normal. The response of the patient towards light touch and pin prick was normal up to the inguinal area however due to weakness of lower limbs, the response of lower extremities was not adequate indicate sensory deficit due to spinal cord trauma (Dodwell, 2010) . However the proper alignment of the vertebrae and recognizing of fracture cannot be possible with such scale so for that radiography is essential (Sheerin, 2005). The radiography is beneficial in determine the fracture of thoracic vertebrae, it gives reliable information but it is not useful in case of cervical vertebrae as these vertebrae are to small to be visible appropriately in radiography (Jorge, 2009). Radiography of the patient provide inadequate data as the film was not properly clear. The deep examination of displacement of bone segments and fractures is possible with the help of computed tomography. The CT scan is beneficial in visualization of the image in different cross section (Jorge, 2009). It is possible to get exact information regarding injury of bone with the help of CT scan and radiography films however the injury to the soft tissue on the cord, intervertebral disc then these diagnostic test does not provide complete information regarding soft tissues (Sheerin, 2005). The CT scan of patient exhibit that injury take place at the level of C5 spine. Magnetic Resonance Imaging is helpful in visualization of injury that occurs on soft tissues by providing well clarify image. The further deterioration and injury that occur due to soft tissues is clearly recognized with the help of MRI (Sheerin, 2005). The MRI of patient shows that there is no soft tissue injury. Functional studies such as positron emission tomography, electromyograms are not of use in case of conscious client. They are only essential in patients who are not cooperative (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). From the above history collection, physical assessment, various diagnostic test it is clear that client has cervical injury at the level of 5 intercostals vertebra. Spinal cord is the basic part of central nervous system. It consists of thirty one segments. However due to the fusion of coccygeal bones there are 30 segments in vertebral column (Sheerin, 2004). Spinal cord has two region that is cervical and lumber and it is consist of grey matter (Sheerin, 2004). Approximation of 500 to 700 people each year suffers from traumatic spinal cord injury in UK. The main aetiology of spinal cord injury is straight mechanical injury and injury develops due to the compression on cord (Pellatt, 2010). This compression develops from traumatic and non traumatic reason (McDonald Sandusky, 2002). Due to this overstress of cord, intense flexion, extension or rotation develops. If injury develops due to direct force then within little duration discharge of enzymes from cells and vasoactive substance take place. After that neutrophills and macrophages infilterate in that region. The amount of potassium in extracellular fluid boost up and cells become depolarized and result in hypoxic conditions. Where as in case of indirect cause, vascular system compromised causing lack of blood supply in tissues. Which further leads to development of various haemorrhages, due to this haemorrhages the endothelium of blood vessels become disrupted. Further development of aneurysms occurs causing thrombi development in blood vessels. Due to stimulation of vagus nerve, imbalance thermoregulation develops and because of dermal blood vessel dilatation various life threatening sign and symptoms are developed such as neurogenic shock due to vasodilatation (McDonald and Sadowsky, 2002). There are also development of various syndrome such as anterior cord syndrome which occurs due to the injury to the two third of spinal cord in the anterior side, and next is the posterior cord syndrome that occurs due to the injury to the two third of spinal cord in the posterior side (Bailes et al, 200) . Central cord syndrome mainly occupies the cervical part of spinal cord. This syndrome usually influence elderly people and develop cervical spondylosis due to hyperextension. This spondylosis and hyperextension injury together put compression on the anterior and posterior side of cord. Due to which ligament turn towards inner side and put force on the anterior horn cells. This will further causes development of oedema (Bailes et al, 200) . Management of the patient begins from the site of the accident. First priority of the management is the maintenance of the airway, breathing and circulation. Oxygen therapy helps to prevent hypoxic conditions along with that oxygen therapy stop secondary injury that occurs due to the hypoxic conditions. For maintain airway jaw thrust method should be used chin lift method should be avoided as this may deteriorate the neck by extension (Pellatt, 2010). Immediately stabilization of spine must be maintain with the help of stiff cervical colour. The client must be positioned on hard board so as to maintain proper alignment. If there is requirement of intubation then it should be maintained with the help of three people without mobilizing the patient. However immobilization is not as important as the oxygen therapy because death of the patient may take place due to development of encephalopathy in hypoxic condition (Sheerin, 2005). After the confirmation of diagnosis, drug therapy should be started without any delay. Currently this drug therapy is recognized as basic treatment and helps in limiting secondary damage due to hypoxic condition. Steroid treatment must be started immediately. Methylprednisolone is more preferable. The amount needed for this drug is 30mg/kg in 15minutes, subsequently 5.44mg/kg/hr within 24 hours. Steroid treatment helps in improving neurologic deficit through blood flow toward central nervous system. However this drug is helps in only protection of neurological function and also use of elevated amount this drug result in side effects such as gastric bleeding and infection of wound (Weant, 2008). Further supporting, this drug is usually beneficial within 8 hours of injury. Also in the study organized by the researcher in random controlled trial to see the impact of nimodipine and methylprednisolone on patient with spinal cord injury in acute phase is that both the drugs produce side e ffects and these drugs are not of much beneficial (Pointillart, 2000). Also respiratory and cardiovascular function should be adequately maintained in spinal cord injury. Excessive damage if occur by spinal cord injury has remarkable effect on respiratory system. Mostly colloidal solutions maintain pulmonary wedge pressure. (Nockels, 2001) Moreover due to spinal cord injury the tidal volume generated by accessory muscles is not adequate and result in further damage to pulmonary function so there is need of maintainence of respiratory function. Also hypotension may develop in patient as a result of neurogenic shock. Therefore it is essential to check blood pressure and average arterial pressure should be more than 85mmHg. However if blood pressure is too low than it can be managed with the help of vasopressin agent such as dopamine (Sheerin, 2005). Mr. Malik was provided oxygen about 2 litres/min so as to maintain proper perfusion. Pulse oxymetry was continued and part