Motion Sickness In Naval Environment Health And Social Care Essay

The intent of this paper is to find a sensible attack to pull offing gesture illness in Canadian Naval forces. Management of gesture illness in a naval environment is really of import. The coming of new engineering, assorted gender, multicultural, and smaller crew sizes mean that the effects of gesture illness on the crew straight affects the mission capableness of a modern war vessel. The pathophysiology of mal de mer and gesture illness in general remains ill understood. In general, gesture illness is thought to be a miscommunication and nervous mismatch syndrome. This account does non to the full explicate why weariness occurs in concurrence with gesture illness or why gesture illness is so variable in different individuals under the same conditions. Seasickness can be efficaciously managed utilizing combinations of workspace alteration, non-prescription drugs, prescription drugs, and addiction. There is no 1 combination that is universally effectual nevertheless there is a demand for the practician to hold a good thought of when to modify a intervention mode for a peculiar sea province or patients demands.IntroductionModern ships and smaller crews have a high impact when the crew is unable to execute basic and complex maps when they become helpless due to gesture illness. Anyone who has of all time treated a patient who is actively or inveterate airsick can sympathize with the patient feeling that they would wish to decease so the mal de mer would travel off. In the Canadian Navy a patient needs to show a history of chronic mal de mer in order to be moved to a new trade and considered to be for good unfit for naval service. This frequently is non done until the member has been to the full trained and can take two to three old ag es of sailing to happen ensuing in a great trade of wretchedness for the patient and a big investing in clip, preparation, and money on the portion of the Canadian Forces. The intent of this paper is to reexamine the pathophysiology of gesture illness and depict an grounds based attack to the direction of mal de mer utilizing both pharmacological and non pharmacologically based interventions presently available to CF Health Services Personnel. It will besides briefly explore ergonomic alterations to alleviate the symptoms of Motion Sickness. With the coming of modern ship design, crew composing has evolved to hold fewer and really extremely specialised forces responsible for runing the combat platform of today. For illustration, during World War II the crew of a Frigate had 141 forces ( 1 ) who were responsible for the safe operation of the ship. The WWII frigate had half the supplanting and far less than half the capableness and engineering of a modern war vessel of a similar category. The crews were all male and chiefly Caucasian. In 2010 a Canadian Patrol Frigate with a supplanting of 5235 dozenss has a minimal crew of 180 with 45 transeunt forces for a sum of 225 who are responsible for the care and operation of the war vessel ( 2 ) . Motion illness can impact anyplace from 1 % to 100 % of a crew depending on conditions and the status of the H2O surface they travel on. The much smaller crew who are critical to the direction of combat, ego defence, and life support systems become helpless and the whole system of a combat platform is affected. ( Find impact of mal de mer on contending effectivity in article ) The bulk of the literature discusses the direction of gesture illness in the context of short exposures such as sail ship travel, air travel, and infinite travel.Pathophysiology of gesture illnessArgwal et Al ( 2003 ) . , late reiterated that gesture illness still remains ailing understood but is still by and large thought to be caused by nervous input mismatch ( 3 ) . It is besides the place of this writer that some of the symptoms of gesture illness can non be explained to the full by this place. For illustration why does gesture illness consequence in sickness and emesis and non some other symptoms alternatively? This account besides fails to explicate specifically why gesture illness causes sleepiness. Besides it fails to explicate the variableness between different topics susceptibleness to gesture illness under similar fortunes.Definition of mal de merSeasickness is normally described as a feeling of sickness, tummy consciousness, and unwell while on or in H2O both fresh and sa lt H2O. This type of gesture illness is considered to be a normal response to the perceptual experience of gesture whether the gesture is existent or non. For illustration, a individual can go ill on the span of a ship in unsmooth sea or while utilizing a stationary simulator with traveling images on a picture screen even though their organic structure and the platform they are standing on is non traveling.Mal de debarquement SyndromeMal de debarquement Syndrome ( MdDS ) is deserving brief treatment in this paper as it is a status that affects people who have been exposed to gesture illness arousing stimulations yet they still have gesture illness symptoms after remotion of the stimulation. It has deductions in the context of a naval environment as it seems to commonly affect in-between age people ( 4 ) ( 5 ) and can be rather enfeebling. CF Health Services Staff may be presented with patients showing with MdDS given our aging recruit population, and troubles bring forthing staff fo r ships ensuing in the usage of more shore based â€Å" replacement staff † particularly in the back uping trade functions. Some of the older members of the crew of a modern ship may be at hazard for MdDS. The symptoms of MdDS that concern clinicians chiefly are non the transient symptoms that are common for the first few yearss on land after a long sail as described by YH Cha et Al ( 4 ) and Gordon et Al ( 6 ) . Patients with MdDS typically present chiefly with a relentless esthesis of gesture after several yearss removal from a gesture that would normally arouse gesture illness ( 4 ) . Other symptoms may include concerns and sensitiveness to ocular gesture. The symptoms can last from a few hebdomads to many old ages. Fact-finding testing and rating do non uncover any physical causative factor to explicate the symptoms of the patient ( 4 ) . Death from mal de mer? – one history of decease from mal de mer in oil rig catastrophe Questions to be posed: What are the physiological effects of purging and mal de mer? What are the effects of moderate mal de mer on operators of complicated machinery? What is the most effectual manner to handle gesture illness on a naval ship? Divers in a hyperbaric chamber at sea. Aircrew at sea. Aircrew? Divers? Ships Crew? Describe the differences between Sea and air and gesture illness. Cruise ship stabilisation methods, ship design, human factors. Mythbusters section on gesture illness. Treatments Drug Treatments presently in usage in the CF ( 7 ) The CF Formulary contains the fol drugs that are indicated in the direction of Motion illness. Gravol Many readyings avail Common prescription for direction of mal de mer Bonamine Meclazine HCL is used. Its monograph provinces in indicants for the usage in the intervention of XXXXX. It was found anecdotally by the writer that it is frequently used and prescribed falsely as one tablet twice daily instead than the sanctioned one to two tablets one time daily in the monograph in some surveies it was besides prescribed as XXXX.Reappraisal of the LiteratureA reappraisal of the literature was done to reply some basic inquiries that would be valuable to explicating an attack to pull offing mal de mer in a naval environment.Can you decease from mal de mer?one decease has beenDoes degree of physical fittingness have an impact on gesture illness?Curiously, topics with high degrees of aerophilic fitness study less symptoms of gesture illness but have higher rates of patterned advance to purging than topics with lower aerophilic fittingness degrees ( 8 ) . Cheung et Al. ( 9 ) looked at why and concluded that tolerance to vestibular gesture decreases as aerophilic fittingn ess additions.Does ethnicity or gender have an consequence on gesture illness?It is by and large thought that ethnicity and gender may hold an impact on an person ‘s gesture illness sensitiveness. Klosterhalfen et al. , studied the consequence of ethnicity and gender on gesture illness susceptibleness ( 10 ) . Specifically they looked at whether gender and cultural ethnicity are interacting. 227 Caucasic and 82 topics of Chinese beginning, both male and female were exposed to nausea bring oning organic structure rotary motions in a rotary motion chair. They experienced five exposures of 1 min each with 1 min breaks between exposures. They were instructed to shut their eyes and travel their caputs up and down every 6 seconds by an audiotape. Campaigners could discontinue at any clip and the entire rotary motion clip was noted. Prior to rotary motion, topics were instructed to make full out a Gesture Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaire ( MSSQ ) . Individual symptom evaluations were performed at the beginning and terminal of exposure and 15 and 30 min subsequently. The consequences of the survey indicated that the mean rotary motion clip was higher in Caucasic than in Chinese t opics. It besides indicated that the rotary motion clip could be predicted from the MSSQ information. The decision of the survey is that gesture illness susceptibleness is affected by both cultural beginning and by gender in a complex manner. The most dependable anticipation of rotary motion could be based on the person ‘s history as assessed by the MSSQ. JE Bos et Al ( 11 ) . observed in the literature that females were 1.4 to 1.7 times more susceptible sea illness and found similar rates in the other manners of transit. They found merely 3 studies contradictory of the consequences of the surveies reviewed. After a reappraisal of the ferry and sail ship informations in their survey they concluded that gender has an impact on a individuals susceptibleness to seasickness. Talk about the Singapore navy testWhat is the impact of ship design on gesture illness?Dobie ( 12 ) looked at the design of ships and how worlds interact with their sophisticated systems. Whole organic structure quiver, gesture induced weariness and noise all affect the organic structure and lessening effectivity in a complex machine. He concluded that the human component must be considered in the design of ships at an early phase in the procedure. The vas should be considered to be a person-machine that operates as a system and effectual design make an effectual system.Can desensitization minimise effects of gesture illness?What drugs could be used to minimise the effects of mal de mer?There have been many surveies of the medicines that could be used to pull off gestures sickness. This paper will look at the 1s that are available in Canada. Of note one of the more studied[ 1 ]( 13 ) ( 14 ) ( 15 ) is dextroamphetamine ( used for terrible symptoms ) and it is non indicated for usage i n the direction of gesture illness but shows a batch of promise for terrible symptoms. one field survey on the effectivity of anti-motion illness drugs ( 16 ) found that hyoscine, Antivert, Dramamine, and accupressure in order of effectivity helped riders on a sail from Argentina to the Antarctic Peninsula. Again the exposure was merely 3 yearss but the conditions was terrible ( gale force air currents with 9m crestless waves ) . What medicines are available to battle gesture illness in the CF pharmacopeia? Dimenhydrinate Meclizine Scopalamine Dextroamphetamine Use of scopalamine Schupak et al. , studied the long term effects of transdermic hyoscine ( Transderm-V ) to measure its long term effectivity in the bar of mal de mer ( 17 ) . 68 healthy male crew members age 18 to 20 were given a scopolamine spot eight hours before each seafaring. Two spots were applied per hebdomad with an interval of 24 hours before application of a new spot every 72 hours. Checkups were made every three months over a period of three old ages. The mean seasickness badness ( on a graduated table of 0 to 7 ) after six months at sea prior to the spot was 5.64, as compared to 3.14 station application. Significant betterment was besides found in ego evaluated public presentation at sea while utilizing the spot. Contact dermatitis prevented the usage of transdermic hyoscine in 3 ( 4.4 % ) subjects. The lone other important side consequence was waterlessness of the mucose membranes. The entire figure of yearss the topics had been have oning the spot is non mentioned. The writers concluded that transdermic hyoscine was effectual in the bar of mal de mer and betterment of public presentation at sea during three old ages of followup, everyday application is non complicated either by terrible side effects by public presentation perturbations. How long can you utilize the spot? cite Israeli defense force Singapore navy tests at sea for scop. Use of ondansetron Herskovitz et al. , studied ondansetron for the bar of mal de mer in susceptible crewmans ( 18 ) . 16 voluntaries with normal physical test findings and no old history of interior ear disease or dizziness took portion in a double-blind randomized crossing over survey. The participants practiced computerize public presentation trials until the consequences were stabilized. Ondansetron 8 milligram or placebo was administered two hours before sailing aboard a 500 ton naval vas in mild sea conditions. Participants did public presentation testing and completed a questionnaire measuring their illness symptoms four hours into the ocean trip. The consequence was that there was no statistically important decrease of mal de mer symptoms between the drug intervention and placebo. The decision of this survey is that ondansetron was non found to be good in the intervention of mal de mer.Non medicative interventionsAcupressure and acustimulation Miller and Muth examined the efficaciousness of G-Jo and acustimulation for the bar of gesture illness ( 19 ) . Their survey used the Accubanda„? and ReliefBanda„? G-Jo and acustimulation device to excite the Neiguan ( P6 ) stylostixis point. Their topics were assigned to one of five groups: Accubanda„? trained or untrained ; ReliefBanda„? trained or untrained ; or placebo. Subjects were exposed to 20 min baseline period and 20 min of optokinetic membranophone rotary motion. The untrained topics read the device waies used as they felt appropriate so completed a serviceability analysis after membranophone exposure. Trained topics read the device waies and so were trained to utilize device and so had their exposures. The topic symptoms and stomachic myoelectric activity were monitored during the baseline and membranophone rotary motion periods. There were 77 topics, 19 work forces and 61 adult females, runing from the 18 to 27 old ages of age. In this survey the symptoms of gesture illness and stomachic myoelectric activity increased in all groups taking the research workers to reason that the lone existent difference between conditions was a hold in oncoming of symptoms for ReliefBanda„? compared to Accubanda„? . This survey demonstrated that no G-Jo, acustimulation, or placebo intervention eliminated the symptoms of gesture illness. The ReliefBanda„? while potentially detaining the symptoms would merely be good for short periods of clip if at all. This research was conducted in the lab and non a shipboard environment over an drawn-out period of clip. Bertolucci et Al. conducted in oceangoing survey with a little group of nine voluntaries off the seashore of San Francisco Bay ( 20 ) . Their decision was that gesture illness symptoms were suppressed by the usage of an acustimulation device. His group size was little and needs to be demonstrated with the larger group. Ginger Ergonomic alterations Positioning of watchkeeping Stationss Chair make-up Artificial skylines INTRAVENOUS TherapyDiscussionColwell ( 21 ) identified five â€Å" human factors technology rules † in the direction of gesture illness: â€Å" 1. Locate critical Stationss near the ship ‘s effectual centre of rotary motion ; 2. Minimize caput motions ; 3. Align operators with a rule axis of the ship ‘s hull ; 4. Avoid uniting provocative beginnings ; and 5. Supply and external frame of mention. † Head motion in concurrence with gesture contributes to gesticulate sickness esthesis as can be demonstrated by the surveies performed by Miller ( 19 ) , Cheung et Al ( 22 ) , and others. If this is the instance so more often used proctors and input devices should be placed in forepart of watchkeepers so that vigorous caput motions need non be employed to keep effectual watchkeeping. Besides by adding a high backed chair with a head restraint you have the extra input of the skin centripetal contact of the dorsum of the chair and caput to assist antagonize the nervous input mismatch. If nervous input mismatch contributes significantly to gesture illness symptomology ( 3 ) ( 2 ) it seems that it would be sensible to add stimulations that would assist screen out the â€Å" mismatch † . For illustration, on modern war vessels everything is tied, bolted down, or otherwise secured so that it does non travel. This is to forestall harm or hurt from motion at an inopportune clip such as an detonation or utmost maneuvering. This besides leads to no ocular stimulation of motion for the crew thereby increasing input mismatch. Addition of unreal skylines within the field of vision of the crew has the possible to minimise this consequence. These could be a simple as a twine with a weight on it or a balance beam ( unreal skyline ) with subdued illuming on it. This is an country that could be studied in more deepness The literature on the usage of ginger for gesture illness is mixedas to it ‘s efficaciousness for sickness and â€Å" tummy consciousness † . There does non look to be a good survey that would compare the effectivity of ginger on the type of terrible, long term exposure to gesture that would formalize ginger as an effectual gesture illness counterpoison for naval personel. It would be interesting to set together a proper test in a realistic environment and set this issue to rest for naval forces. Decision Seasickness and related gesture provoked unwellness are a complicated issue that requires effectual direction in the face of assorted gender, multi-ethnic, little crew sizes on modern Canadian war vessels. Seasickness has been looked at extensively in the context of comparatively short exposures both on land in the lab environment, and at sea. More work remains to be done on the fol: gather grounds of efficaciousness of medicines used to pull off MSickness in the field. gather grounds of efficaciousness of desensitisation as a direction tool in the field Expression at the efficaciousness of unreal skylines in work Stationss. Given the grounds presented in the literature, it is likely that the undermentioned protocol would be an effectual program to pull off a patient with mal de mer on a naval ship: a. patient nowadayss with known gesture illness history. 1 usage gravol xx milligram twenty hours prior to exposure. keep Mild moderate terrible Management of mal de mer demands to take into history the sea province, the length of the needed exposure to gesture, the badness of unwellness in the patient and the occupations they are required to execute as portion of their responsibilities at sea. Pharmaceutical direction of mal de mer demands to include the disposal of an appropriate anti emetic good in progress of exposure when possible, so that the drug is absorbed before the subsequent emesis prevents equal soaking up of medicine to forestall the more terrible symptoms of mal de mer. Figure 1 lists the medicines available to practicians in the CF. Combination of medicine is indicated when one medicine entirely fails to command symptoms adequately. The hyoscine readyings are the â€Å" standard † by which most anti gesture illness medicines are evaluated against. Most surveies involved in measuring medicines for forestalling seasickness include a scopolamine readying of some kind. Scopolamine spots used by the Canadian Forces need to be applied right and proper manus rinsing completed after application to forestall inadvertent contact with conjunctiva and the end point blurry vision and uncomfortableness to the patient. Scopolamine spots may be used efficaciously for long periods of clip ( 17 ) ( 23 ) but should be discontinued when possible to let the patient to use to gesture. When utilizing spots for long periods of clip it is sensible to wait 24hrs before using a new spot ( 17 ) and sites should be rotated between L and R mastoid procedure. More research is required to measure direction of gesture illness with respect to assorted gender, multi-ethnic crews, with long gesture exposures on naval ships. The bulk of information in the literature associating to female mal de mer is based on retrospective questionnaire based surveies of sail ship riders on reasonably short sails. It would be interesting and valuable to look at a survey of the impact of mal de mer on job/mission public presentation of the smaller Maritime Coastal Defence Vessel ( MCDV ) Fleets and the larger Patrol Frigates ( CPF ) and Destroyer Fleets on both seashores now that the crews of all these fleets are much more diverse than the last clip this was looked at by Colwell in 1989 ( 21 ) .How does Mal de debarquement syndrome tantrum into the gesture illness spectrum?Cha ( 4 ) , and Parker ( 5 ) took a retrospective expression at instances of MdD in an effort to quantify its natual history and clinical characteristics ( 4 ) and suggest a class of intervention to get down with ( 5 ) . Notes: Cha ( 4 ) – 64 patients in the survey – basically normal test and trials -boat travel the most common trigger ( 81 % of instances looked at ) -median age at first onslaught was 38yo and 75 % were female–Figure 1: Drugs available in CF H Svc Formulary ( 7 ) shown to be effecive in the direction of Motion Sickness. Drug Drug Identification Number ( DIN ) Time interval required prior to exposure Recommended dosage Dose frequence Notes Dose Dextroamphetamine[ 2 ] 5mg 00001924516 1-2 hour 5-10 milligram q 4-6 H Particular mandate required through CFDEC[ 3 ] 10mg 00001924559 15mg 00001924567 Dimenhydrinate 1-2 hour 50-100 milligram q 4-6 H Multiple readyings avail Meclizine 25mg 00220442 2 hour 25-50 milligram q 6-24h When current supply depleted will no longer be available/manufactured for Canada Promethazine 25mg/ml inj 00000575178 1.5 – 2 hour 25 milligram q 4-6 hour 25mg unwritten 00000575178 Scopolamine Patch 1.5mg ( 1 milligram delivered over three yearss ( 24 ) ) 8 hour One spot behind ear Change every 72 hour TransDerm V

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Unemployment - Essay Example The premise of a government-imposed minimum wage is that the common good has been served by the law; the government has served its purpose. Some, such as many business owners, disagree. They claim that the extra costs force them to raise prices (inflation) and lay-off workers (unemployment). There is ample evidence that supports both the pro and con positions on the subject. Economists are gradually coming to the conclusion, though, that the minimum wage law does cause inflation or unemployment, the latter of which this paper will further examine. As a result of the minimum wage law, some employers do, in fact pay out more to their employees on the front-end but evidence indicates the increased expenditures to businesses are usually offset by associated benefits. For example, employees who earn a salary which allows their families to make ends meet are less likely to secure other employment. This reduces the employer’s employee turnover rate thus reducing additional recruitment and training costs (Holmes & Zellner, 2004, pp. 76-77). It also results in a reduction of absenteeism while raising morale thus employee productivity. The opponent’s contention that the law puts a financial burden on them causing the lay-off of workers is weak at best. According to Alan Blinder, former Federal Reserve vice chairman, â€Å"The evidence appears to be against the simple-minded theory that a modest increase in the minimum wage causes substantial job loss† (Chipman, 2006). A 1998 study conducted by the Economic Policy I nstitute found no loss of employment in connection with the minimum wage increase in 1996-97. Furthermore, subsequent to that increase, the low-end labor market experienced lower poverty rates, an increase in family income and lower levels of unemployment (Bernstein & Schmitt, 1998). Many leading economists support the minimum

Business law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 1

Business law - Essay Example The intention of the parties is judged objectively by the judges. The court has to ask whether, in any given circumstances, a logical person would regard the agreement between the parties as whether it intended to bid them. The test is usually an objective one and the judges in the court mainly rely on assumptions in order to assist them in ascertaining whether the parties intended to be legally bound by the agreement. Where the agreement is made between the buyer and the seller, the court automatically presumes that the parties intended to be legally bound by the law by the agreement that they make. In the case Balfour v Balfour [1919] 2 KB 571, Mr. Balfour worked with the government as civil engineer. At that time, he was living with his wife. During Mr. Balfour’s leave in 1915, his wife got rheumatic arthritis when they were still in England. Her doctor insisted that she had to be left behind since she would be affected by the change of climate. As her husband was leaving, he promised to send to her 30 pounds a month until she joined him. Later, the husband said that they better live apart the way they were when she was sick. The wife sued him so that she can still be getting the 30 pounds. The court ruled that in this case, there was no enforceable agreement between the two parties. This was though even if the depth of reasoning of the two parties differed. In the case Henthorn v Fraser [1892] 2 Ch 27, the claimant had received a note from the defendant, where the defendant had offered to purchase a certain property within 14 days. The claimant responded promptly where he sent the defendant an acceptance through the email the day that followed in order to accept the offer. Before the defendant had received the acceptance from the claimant, he withdrew the offer. This was after the claimant had posted the acceptance. When the claimant sued the defendant, the court of appeal ruled that the claimant was entitled to specific performance from the defendan t. This was so because a contract becomes bidding when the acceptance is posted within the given duration of time. When an agreement is reached in a business or commercial context, the court automatically assumes that the parties to the case intended to be legally bound at the time they were making the agreement. Apply the law to the facts of the question in a detailed and logical manner As an agreement only becomes legally enforceable when the parties in the case intend to be legally bound at the time they were making the agreement, a judge has to conduct an objective assessment of the circumstances in which Sally, Peter and Burt made the agreement. The question in this case is whether under any circumstances, a logical person would regard the sale agreement as intended to be binding. The parties in this case are no friends but business people that is, a buyer and a seller. There are sufficient facts in this case to indicate that the sale agreement was in a commercial or business c ontext. Given that the parties are not friends but business partners, the court will assume that the parties involved, Peter, Sally and Burt intend to be legally bound by the time they were making the agreement. In order to enforce the sale agreement, Sally has to prove with additional facts to the presumption

US invasion of Iraq Essay Example for Free

US invasion of Iraq Essay The research paper scrutinizes the invasion of Iraq initiated by the United States. Iraqi people had undergone several adversities as a consequence of this attack and are still on the pursuit of envisioning autonomy and liberty from the herculean clench of United States. On this account, the paper tackles all the efforts made regarding the reviving and enlivening of Iraq made by several state actors in accordance to their own personal capacity. United States invaded Iraq on 19th March 2003, and an operation known by the name of â€Å"Operation Iraqi Freedom† was started together with the support of United Kingdom, Australia and Poland. On March 17, President Bush had already given an ultimatum to Saddam Hussein either to surrender or to face the military wrath of the coalition forces, but the Iraqi government fell to its knees on 9th April by the invasion initiated by the US forces which concluded with the capture of the Iraq’s capital Baghdad (Copson, 2003). In the months of January March 2003, the US gathered its troops in the Persian Gulf. The total number of troops that the US gathered to invade Iraq was 100,000, furthermore military analysts assessed that though it will be possible even to attack in the extreme heat of summer, but military experts observed that fighting war in the cooler months before May would be much more favorable for the war (Hemmer, 2003). The American President George W. Bush and British Prime Minister Tony Blaire viewed their actions as that of disarming Iraq of â€Å"Weapons of Mass Destruction† and to end Saddam Hussein’s reign of terror and his support for terrorists and their activities and obviously, to free the Iraqi people (Operation Iraqi Freedom, 2003). However after the invasion, no WMDs were ever found in Iraq. The intelligence officials furthermore agreed on this fact that no chemical weapons have been in production since the early gulf war of 90’s (SHRADER, 2006). The CIA also accepted that no weapons of mass destruction had been found in Iraq. CIA officially released a report stating that CIA was not able to locate any weapons of mass destruction (Associated Press, 2005). The question regarding Saddam’s links with terrorist organization, Al Qaeda being the most important one, was also answered. There was no evidence found regarding direct link of Saddam being supportive of terrorist groups. Certain notable US persons have also raised fingers regarding the authenticity of the claims made that Iraq is linked with Al Qaeda and can supply weapons of mass destruction to Al Qaeda too. Carl Levin Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee clearly stated it to be exaggeration of the issue. Senator Dianne Feinsten also said that clearly the Al Qaeda issue was hyped (HAYES, 2003). Public Relations In January 2003, an American poll showed that most of the Americans were in favor of having support from the allies before indulging itself in a war. Furthermore the American public even went for supporting big time for the President Bush in order to launch an invasion against Iraq. Polls further shifted in the favor of Bush administration following Secretary of State Collin Powell’s February 5 presentation to the Security Council (CNN, 2003). Although some polls which were later carried out showed a decline in support of war, but President Bush’s speech which he delivered on March 17, once again was fruitful in gaining support from the American people. A Washington Post – ABC News polling showed that 71% supported President Bush’s decision in going to war, and 66% supported the President’s decision in not seeking the vote from United Nations Security Council (Washington Post, 2003). But nonetheless many Americans opposed the war too and of violating a country’s sovereignty. Large rallies and anti-war demonstrations were held in many of the cities especially huge protests in San Francisco and large demonstration in New York after the war begun. Many people also believed that because of this war, there will be high level of anti-American feelings around the whole world, and it can further add fuel to the fire (Cosgrove-Mather, 2009). Development regarding post-war Iraq With the switch of Operation Iraqi Freedom from a military to a reconstruction phase, Congress with the passage of time started to get more and more demanding regarding specific information from Bush Administration’s plans for rebuilding Iraq or the post-war future of Iraq. The Chairman of The Senate Foreign Relations Committee, Richard Lugar said that for a proper functioning of democracy in Iraq, it could at least take five years for this to be successful (Lugar, 2003). In addition many of the analysts and policymakers believed that in order to rebuild Iraq, it will be required for Congress to allocate additional funds for the future, but many were of the view that international community should come forward too for rebuilding of Iraq. Several members of United Nations Security Council submitted a letter to President Bush too regarding their support for the post-war rebuilding of Iraq. Overall, Congress was of the view that after the downfall of Saddam’s reign of terror Iraq will be highly dependent on aid from the United States and the international community, particularly from the members of U.  N. Security Council as well as number of police and military forces to maintain peace and order. But the question was that for how long Iraq will be requiring United States assistance and help and how much assistance will need to be provided (Sharp, 2003). Post-Saddam Transition and Governance The U. S. aims for Iraq are for a united, democratic, and a civic Iraq that can sustain, govern, and defend it and is an ally in the global war on terrorism. The following sections discuss Iraq’s progress toward those goals. In establishing a successful and peaceful rule in the new Iraq, a lot of complexities were involved regarding various post war risks to stability in Iraq, therefore many analysts were of the view that instead of going for the democratic form of government the present Iraq might be most effectively governed under a military regime which will not be going for the restoration of full democracy in the country but instead would comply with U.  N resolutions. However no one came forward to take the role of this leadership. The Bush Administration therefore appointed a retired General, Jay Garner to take up the responsibility of administrating Iraq’s ministries. The Administration largely discarded the State Department’s Future of Iraq Project that planned the administration of Iraq after the fall of Saddam. The project cost $5 million and had 15 working groups on major issues (Department of State USA, 2005). Traditional administrative law (TAL) The Bush Administration was looking forward to holding of general elections in the late 2005 however Ayatollah Sistani and others demanded for early elections and the return of Iraqi sovereignty which ultimately led the U. S to announce that sovereignty would be returned to Iraq by June 30, 2004 and national elections to be held by the end of 2005. This whole decision was made part of an interim constitution named as Transitional Administrative Law. It was signed on 8th March 2004. It helped to provide a way for political transition and of holding of elections for National Assembly by January 31, 2005, drafting of a permanent constitution by 15th August and by providing a roadmap for national elections for a full term by 15th December 2005 (Katzman, Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security, 2009). Elections of 2005 The elections for transitional National Assembly, 18 provisional councils and the Kurdish regional assembly were held in 2005. The Sunni Arabs did not take part in the elections thus enabling the Shiite United Iraqi Alliance to ally with the Kurds and to dominate the national government. The elected government formed a committee which was given the task of drafting a new constitution and the constitution got approved on 15th October 2005. Sunni opposition tried to oppose the constitution but achieved only two-thirds of â€Å"no† vote in two provinces, not in the three, required to defeat the constitution. But in the elections later held on 15th December for a first full term government the Sunnis in a way allied with the Kurds and accepted Nuri-al-Maliki as Prime Minister, he won the approval of cabinet on 20th May 2006 (Katzman, Iraq: Politics, Elections, and Benchmarks, 2009). Promoting stability internationally and domestically After the war, the U. S pressure led UAE, Kuwait, Bahrain, Jordan, Qatar, Syria and Egypt either to send ambassadors to Iraq or announced that they’ll do it in the near future. Furthermore in almost 30 years, Iraq appointed its first Ambassador to Syria. Notable leaders who visited Iraq as a beginning of a new relationship were Jordan’s King Abdullah who was the first Arab leader to do so, he visited on August 11, 2008. Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad visited in March 2008. Two of the most major steps in reconciliation efforts were the visit of Turkey’s foreign minister Tayyip Recep Erdogan and President Abdullah Gul and it was the first such visit by Turkish head of state in 30 years. The second was the visit of Kuwait’s Deputy Prime Minister Mohammad Al Sabah in February 2009. Furthermore Saudi Arabia also thought of opening an embassy in Iraq, however its still one of the pending issues and the final decision has yet to be made by the Saudi Arabia (Katzman, Iraq: Post-Saddam Governance and Security, 2009). Even before that, Secretary of the Treasury John Snow tried to use diplomatic means to promote Iraq’s recovery. What he did was to try to persuade the institutions like that of World Bank and the International Monetary Fund to support the rebuilding of Iraq. Snow reported that representatives of the G-7 industrialized nations had agreed on this decision to help Iraq in its rebuilding efforts if the U. N Security Council grants its permission. Furthermore governments were asked to forgive the debt owed by Iraq, however Russia was particularly resistant regarding the subject matter as it owed $8 billion by Iraq and was heavily in debt itself (Blustein, 2003).

The Different Cell Membrane Transport Mechanisms Essay Example for Free

The Different Cell Membrane Transport Mechanisms Essay The different cell membrane transport mechanisms The cell membrane is referred to as a ‘fluid mosaic model’ because the protein part within the cell membrane used to be though of as an even layer spread over the outside and the inside of the phospholipid. Now we are starting to think that it is spread unevenly, more like a mosaic than a layer. The phospholipid part of the cell membrane is fluid; this means that its molecules are constantly moving about. Through the molecules constantly moving about it allows for things such as ‘transient gaps’ to occur, these are gaps within the phospholipids which allow molecules to pass through; they are only temporary. Here is a picture of the fluid mosaic model: [pic] Both water-soluble (hydrophilic) and lipid soluble (hydrophobic) substances are able to pass across the cell membrane. It is easier for lipid-soluble compounds to pass relatively quickly through by dissolving in the lipid layer. Water needs to pass through via osmosis where as water-soluble substances cross the membrane through simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion and active transport. Osmosis is thought of as the diffusion of water from an area of high concentration of water molecules to an area of low concentration, across a partially permeable membrane. To define osmosis more accurately we define it in terms of water potential. Water potential is a measure of how easy it is for water molecules to move. Diffusion occurs because substances attract a ‘cloud’ of polar water molecules around them. The cloud is held by weak chemical bonds, including hydrogen bonds; this means that these water molecules cannot move freely. This is a picture of osmosis: [pic] Inside cells some solutes have a higher concentration inside than outside of the cell, this means in order to make it equal they need to move across the cell membrane against the concentration gradient. This means that they cannot get in by passive transport; passive transport is the diffusion of substances across a membrane, this is a spontaneous process and cellular nergy is not expended. Molecules will move from where the substance is more concentrated to where it is less concentrated. The rate of diffusion for different substances is not always the same even if the process is spontaneous; this is because membranes are selectively permeable. They must enter by way of a process known as active transport. It is called active transport because unlike passive transport it requires cellular energy. Active transport involves sp ecial molecules of the membrane called ‘pumps’. Pump molecules can pick up molecules and transport them to the other side of the molecule; where they are released by the pump. Pump molecules are globular proteins which span the lipid bilayer. The energy needed for active transport is used here; a reaction with ATP is required by the pump molecules to supply the metabolic energy to the process. Membrane pumps are specific to the particular molecules they work within; this is what makes selective transport. Here is a picture of active transport: [pic] Simple diffusion can take place in some of the carrier proteins found in the plasma membrane. Carrier proteins have binding sites which pick up specific molecules. They can only function in one direction and they require energy to change shape and move a solute. Simple diffusion is a passive process; this means that substances move down a concentration gradient and they do not need any input of energy from the cell, the rate of diffusion can be affected by a few things. Such as the difference in concentration between the area of high and the area of low concentration. The distance over which concentration occurs has an affect on the rate of diffusion; for example the thickness of the membrane which separates the areas of high and low concentration. The surface area which separates the area of high concentration from the area of low concentration affects the rate of diffusion. The higher the temperature is the more kinetic energy the particles possess and the faster they move; therefore this affects rate of diffusion. [pic] Facilitated diffusion is when diffusion is speeded up by specific proteins in cell membranes. These proteins are able to pass substances across the membrane faster than usual. Facilitated diffusion occurs along a concentration gradient and requires no metabolic energy, unlike active transport. There are only two types of proteins involved in facilitated diffusion; specific carrier proteins take particular substances, e. g. glucose, from one side of the membrane to the other. Ion channels are protein pores that can open or close to control the passage of selected ions, e. g. sodium and potassium. Facilitated diffusion occurs when molecules such as those that are soluble in water cannot pass through the phospholipids in the bilayer. When this happens they are transported across via the carrier proteins. Solute molecules moving about on either side of the membrane will randomly come into contact with their specific binding site. Once they bind, the protein changes shape and the molecules come off the binding site on the other side of the membrane. [pic] Both carrier proteins and ion channels are used during facilitated diffusion. Carrier proteins transport polar molecules across the membrane. The carrier protein is specific to the diffusing molecule. The molecule binds to the receptor on the carrier protein, and the protein changes shape (after an input of energy). The diffusing molecule ends up on the other side of the cell, where it is released. Ion channels are used for the transport of inorganic ions. They facilitate the diffusion of charged particles. The channels are lined with polar molecules. The charge particles move towards regions of opposite charge. The ion channels are usually specific to one particular ion.

The beliefs of Childrens Learning

The beliefs of Childrens Learning Identifying the beliefs of Childrens Learning, Development, and the Social Influences that shaped them. A childs learning and development begins from the moment they are born, the early years from birth to five are an important milestone in a persons life, what a child experiences in the early years has a major impact on their future chances in life. A safe, secure and happy childhood is important in its own right. We can shape a childs learning from an early age, children learn through experience and adult involvement, therefore interaction with babies and young children is fundamentally important, it helps to build ideas, creates thinking and helps them develop as learners. Babies are born with an interest in people and a drive to find out about their world. Observing and assessing babies and young children is an important basis in their learning and development. Watching children learn can open our eyes to the capacity of how they learn (Pugh, 2001, p. 66), and this shows us the i mportance of these first few years in a childs life. Over the decades early education, policies and practices have seen significant changes. We still use many of the earlier theories and methods through the Early Years Foundation Stage (EYFS) in our early education settings today. The EYFS is part of a ten year Childcare Strategy introduced in 2008, it relates to the Childcare Act 2006, and its aim is to give young children the best start in life, it sets standards to enable early years providers to implement the rich and personalised experience many parents give their children at home. It provides legal requirements relating to learning, development, assessments and welfare. The EYFS principles which guide all practitioners consists of four themes; a Unique Child, Positive Relationships, Enabling Environments, Learning And Development. It implies that all children from birth to five will acquire the same skills and knowledge in preparation for school while at the same time recognising that all children are individuals that require ind ividual learning strategies. The construction of early education and care of children and young people dates back many years, as early as the 17th century. Friedrich Froebel a major theorist was born in 1782 in Thuringia what is now Germany and was well known for saying play is a childs work, he formulated the idea of kindergarten meaning childrens garden as a means of educating young children. Play and the outdoor environment were important in Froebelian kindergartens. His approach emphasized that children are able to develop their capacity for learning through play, and that active learning is essential with guidance and appropriate direction. He believed that training of workers within the early years was essential, and the importance of parents as partners in the education of young children. The influence of Froebels methods are well established in early years settings to date, his work was one of the theories that made the basis of early education. Many recent theorists based t heir work on these early findings, and say, he was ahead of his time as one of the EYFS themes and commitments, of today states active learning. Active learning it is implemented through the learning and development principle of the EYFS, it provides physical and mental involvement, decision-making and personalised learning, and it occurs when children are keen to learn and are interested in finding things out for themselves. Play is a dynamic process that develops and changes, it provides children with opportunities for developing cognitive, social, emotional and physical skills. Froebelian kindergartens were seen to be middle class; despite this his methods were adapted for use with disadvantaged children and families within developing 20th century nursery and infant schools. (Pound, 2008, p. 16). The first nursery school opened in Scotland in1816 by Robert Owen(1771-1858), he was a mill owner who refused to employ children less than 10 years of age, he believed that education should be a common right for all children, and that children are passive, contrived and by due preparation and accurate attention can be formed into any human character. He managed their behaviour through kindness, which in the19th century was unusual, children as young as 2 years attended his school. The opening of his nursery school influenced changing attitudes on child labour, and set the basis of early education for young children. The start of the curriculum method was one of Owenss ideas, his vision on education-inspired generations of activist; he recognised the link between social welfare and early education this is an important part of practice in modern day settings. His commitments to education were radical as were his ideas on the importance of equality, although his policies were a bold ste p forward, he was criticised as being rooted in his desire for profit. (Pound, 2008, p. 13) In the UK the development of early education was very slow compared to Europe, it was In 1870 that publicly funded education became compulsory for children age 5, the need to understand these early childhood services is important as they laid down the foundations of our education system (Pugh, 2001, p. 8) During the 1960s the voluntary playgroup movement emerged. A letter sent to the Guardian by Belle Tutaev, a young mother of a four-year-old expressing concern to the lack of appropriate nursery provision within our education system. For many years the main means of early education was state primary schools, and this was aimed at children over 5 years, after campaigning to the authorities to no avail she opened her own playgroup, this progressed and by the seventies playgroups became a recognised form of pre-school provision. Over the next 2 decades the changing family patterns and employment patterns meant early years provision were a much needed source, this saw the growth of private nurseries. Only after a review in 1988 on early childhood and education services, (The Education Reform Act) did the government realise there was a growing problem. It found flaws, in uncoordinated services, which varied between different parts of the country, compared to the rest of Europe there were low levels of public funding. It had different services ran by a diversity of different organisations, this meant a wide range of clients used them, all with different aims and purposes. The education system needed the government to intervene. A number of national reports was to be published, one of them the Rumbold report published in 1990, expressed concerns about education and the lack of access to Early Years services. It highlighted the need for the development of good quality provision in the early years, and believed it to be vital that all that work, or are involved with young children recognise the importance of their educational role and fulfil it. She urged those who make provision recognise the growing demand for and the expansion of high quality services to meet children and parents needs (rumbold, 1990). The report also highlighted the way in which young children learn are as important as what they learn, and argued against the introduction of formal learning. At the time, this report was ignored but it is now used as a basis for best practice in todays Early Years settings. The establishment of the Early Childhood Education forum in 1993 meant bringing together all national agencies working in the field, (Pugh, 2001, p. 11) it clarified that an early years policy is needed, and an expansion in services, the forum gathered strength with over 45 national organisations by 1998. Its aims were to champion childrens rights and entitlements, support the training development and education of early childhood practitioners, and all those who work with children and their families. The government took action and in 1995, funding for the education of 4 year olds was introduced this was in the form of vouchers that could be redeemed in private, voluntary, or local authority nurseries, the vouchers were extremely criticised at the time and was abolished in 1997 when Labour Government was elected. The election of the Labour Government brought big changes in the way our whole Education System was run, especially Early Education; its key issue is to eradicate child poverty, and provide more family friendly policies and childrens centres. The Sure Start initiative, launched in 1999 under the National Childcare Strategy plays a major role in doing this, by helping families in local communities of need with children under 4years old. The government pledged 1.4 billion pounds over 6 years. This meant that parents had access to a multi agency of services within the Sure Start Childrens Centres. They are now a key influence within our communities helping children, families and society, by learning and developing life skills in the early years so that young children grow up to be happy, healthy and are able to achieve their goals in life. The centres are at the Heart of the Every Child Matters Change for Children 2004. The green paper Every Child Matters was published in 2003, in response to a report by Lord Laming in 2001, into the death of Victoria Climbie. Victoria was a young girl who was horrifically abused, tortured and killed by her great aunt, Marie-Therese Kouao and partner Carl Manning; they were the people who were supposed to be caring for her. Shameful failings within a number of systems meant on 12 occasions over 10 months the chances to save Victoria were missed. Evidence from this Inquiry demonstrated the dangers of staff from different agencies not fulfilling their separate and distinctive responsibilities. The death of Victoria showed a fundamental need for an integrated service that would be part of a political agenda for many years, despite the Children Act 1989 provisions, child protection strategies and services stayed within the social service system, and the level of communication and co-operation between these and other services in health and education were variable. The Ev ery Child Matters agenda is recognised by five outcomes; be healthy, stay safe, enjoy and achieve, make a positive contribution, and achieve economic wellbeing; these outcomes are a universal ambition for the government, and form a strong basis for the EYFS curriculum used in Early Education Settings to date. The transfer of responsibility for children under 8-years-old were made from the Department of Health, to the Department of Education and Skills and from 2001, an integrated inspection service was introduced, bringing together all the services, enabling multi-agency working, which was an important step forward. The Early Years Development and Childcare Partnership in local authorities were also introduced, helping to increase levels of provision in Childcare. Working in partnership with the Local Education Authority, each authority completed an audit, with a plan to reach the governments targets for early education places for all 3- and-4year-olds. This was made easier in the change of policy earlier, that allowed non maintained sectors to apply for nursery grants, children in private day nurseries, pre-schools and some childminders could now access their free half-day nursery provision. In this way the strategy started to tackle the long-term split between Early Years education serv ices and the childcare services. (Macelod- Brundenell,and Kay 2nd edition 2008 pg 352 ). It has been without doubt that Early Education has come a long way since Froebel in the 17th century, and the opening of Owens nursery school in 1816, but not many things have changed, it was evident then that children learn through play and exploration, and early learning is important in the first five years. Maybe many generations of children have missed out the chances given to young children of today. The EYFS has been an important milestone for early education and young children, and is now the way forward in preparing a child for school, but its existance is still in the primary stages, and many small nursery settings may find adapting to these changes and sustaining them quiet difficult as the standards and welfare requirements set are extremly high.

Defiance of Gender-Based Work Ethics in Bartleby and The Yellow Wallpap

Defiance of Gender-Based Work Ethics in Bartleby and The Yellow Wallpaper  Ã‚     Ã‚   The issue of gender was an influential factor for writers in the 19th century, as Herman Melville and Charlotte Perkins Gilman explore in their pieces. In "Bartleby," for instance, Herman Melville presents Bartleby as an employed scrivener-his service to the narrator is in the form of copying documents. This form of labor is appropriate for Bartleby according to 19th century society, which supported and approved of the male professional writer. However, he refuses this duty, and through his "I-would-prefer-not-to" statements, he challenges the standards held to him by society, reinforcing his individualism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  On the other hand, in "The Yellow Wallpaper," the female narrator is expected and ordered not to work-not to write-by her family and, in turn, by her society. But just as Bartleby refuses the expectations set upon him, so does "Wallpaper's" narrator. This reverses "Bartleby's" situation-culture does not want her to write, but she does so anyway. According to this presentation by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the 19th century female writer is suppressed and discouraged by the males of the era-an idea further supported by Richard Polwhele's poem "The Unsex'd Females." In his piece, Polwhele denounces the female writer and criticizes her advancement in the literary world. Therefore, although both Bartleby and "Wallpaper's" narrator have labor standards to live with, through their defiance of these 19th century ethics, they present themselves as individuals through the work of writing.   Ã‚  Ã‚  In the case of "Bartleby," many examples imply the acceptance of writing as a male profession. Firstly, all of the people in the office are men. "At the... ...accepted and encouraged work. On the other hand, the female writer in "The Yellow Wallpaper" individualizes herself by working when she is not supposed to be, and by being the alleged unnatural woman that Polwhele describes. She defies what is socially acceptable and chooses to express herself through writing. The end result is the same-both characters grow as individuals through their social dissent.    Works Cited Gilman, Charlotte Perkins. "The Yellow Wallpaper and Other Stories." New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1997. Melville, Herman. "Bartleby and Benito Cereno." New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1990. Polwhele, Richard. â€Å"The Unsex’d Females.† Women of the Romantic Period. 27 April 2001 <http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~worp/worp.html>. "Hysteric." Webster's New World Dictionary. 3rd College ed. New York: Prentice Hall, 1994   

Wife of Martin Guerre :: essays research papers

Throughout my travels I had always been mistaken for Martin Guerre, that is how I have come to be here today. He was always spoken about with such respect. A dignified young man, from a well respected peasant family, it was a let down to me that I myself was not a respected man like this Martin. As these occurrences continued to happen I began to wonder about his life, why such a well respected man could leave his wife and son behind, I had been told that he had left his family in Artigues for many years, and they were waiting for his return. His father had past on, and the farm was now waiting for their master. I had no place to go and thought that if I am mistaken so many times for martin then maybe I could go to his household, my intentions were not to stay even this long, but only enough to collect some gold and silver. Over the last few days I have been drawn to the loving and caring nature of this household. Built on strong foundations I have been welcomed back like a triumpha nt army from a great war. Praised for returning, as if nothing had happened.. The feast that was prepared was like none that I had seen before, all they would do was listen to the stories of my travels. This family did not about the eight years that had past, without notice or communication, but relief that the family is complete again. My past has not been one that I have been proud of. I have not been loyal to my family, nor my Kingdom. My family has put a lot of trust in me, but I have let them down, traveling with the wars from town to town. I know it upsets them, and I cannot return to them. I do not want to put some more false hope in their hearts, as I am sure that my past will catch up with me, and again let them down. I am also not one who has abided by the law in the past, committing crimes of theft from many as I pass by, not two weeks ago had I stolen from a man traveling on the same road as I. But since I have come to this caring and loving family, I have seen what I myself have neglected and betrayed in my home town.

Effects of Migration Into Cities

The effects of moving into a new city or town Today everybody is going in the glamorous world of cities where one can progress and make the best use of his or her life. Parents†¦.. Listen to their talks with their children. They say that my son or daughter will settle or go to abroad one day. And with this they start imagining and forcing their child to get highest degree and run away from where they are. Each parent today has this mentality that there is heaven like something in abroad and much else. There are many such examples to discuss. But for now one is enough I think.In terms of living a life in a new city there are many possibilities of advantages as well as disadvantages as can be seen in education, employment and settlement point of view. These three things can be much better improved in a city where there is much scope to put a step forward towards his or her aim. In a city each one who is settled there has only one intention to earn a gallon of paper notes and coins and live a luxurious and easy way of life. This luxurious life is expected by all people. But there is something called feeling of attachment.There is an attachment towards his or her native place. One cannot forget his or her childhood days or their neighbours and the love between them. Emotions are not allowed in a city or the town. Today since all the places are becoming industrialized there is no space for emotions but only profit. And because of this all the people are running after them. There is a great effect on especially the country. Since all the citizens are settled in abroad and the income they earn is of no use to the country, the country’s economic status lowers as compared to other countries.The newer generation is no longer staying in their native country specially India. India is full of corruption, they say. But it is not so. If the abroad based thinkers try, the situation can be changed. The major disadvantage of moving to a new city is the loss of attach ment to the native place and their neighbours. From birth we are attached to our villages or town, its nature, its culture and its people. But as we move to a new area, far from ours, we cannot accept its culture and people very easily. We cannot adjust there due to our unforgettable habits with our ulture. As we move to a new city, we have to accept the people, the culture, and their behaviors and accordingly we have to adjust. But it is not so easy. Since the people are keenly interested in earning money and luxurious life they are ready to do anything for this. According to me, I can’t accept the concept of moving to a new place permanently. Because it affects our native place or country. Earlier during the British rule all the intelligent brains of India were sent out to England or the other countries out of India.So that the foreign countries would progress better in terms of technology. But with this, India had to suffer in its progression. Today after British rule is n o longer still their mentality always exists in each Indian that to go to abroad but not to stay here in India. The aim of writing this article is to aware the people of not to go to abroad but it is better and much better to stay in your own country and sacrifice your talents to your people and their future. – Prachiti Ganpule SYBA, St. Xavier’s college, Mapusa Goa

Haier Group: A Chinese Company That Created A Global Brand Essay

Haier Group (â€Å"HG†) is a leading Chinese international manufacturer of large and small appliances, including refrigerators, freezers, conditioners, dishwashers and laundry products to cell phones and televisions. HG is not only known around the world for quality and innovation but as an early mover outside of the Chinese marketplace; it was able to implement a market strategy to take away market share from large manufacturers on their own home-front. I. Haier Group’s Global Brand Strategy A. Haier Group’s Expansion Strategy – It Was Time to Expand China joined the World Trade Organization (â€Å"WTO†) in December 2001 and became part of the international appliance marketplace. HG had a choice to maintain its current position as the leading manufacturer in China or to expand its operations into global markets. HG faced stiff competition from domestic manufactures and multinational companies (â€Å"MNCs†) that were penetrating the Chinese market. Although HG maintained a market advantage based upon its innovative and rapid market response to customer needs, superior after-sales servicing and efficient distribution centers, it would be only a matter of time before MNCs acquired similar resources through third-parties and adapted to local market needs (Palepu pp. 7-9). 1 HG could face overcapacity within the Chinese market – i.e., too many manufactures and not enough market share – and lose the opportunity to support its global expansion to capture market share overseas. If HG have had kept the status quo, it may never have another opportunity to use profits generated from its domestic sales to go head-to-head with large manufactures and develop its own brand. As early as 1997, HG had developed a formal global expansion strategy (Id. at 10). It manufactured products for MNCs overseas and entered into joint ventures (â€Å"JVs†) to explore foreign markets (Id.). HG had acquired access to the latest technology from the U.S. and Europe and was able to leverage its knowledge to manufacturer a better product at a higher profit per unit. Its  competitive advantage was two-fold: (1) product differentiation; and (2) response speed (Id. at 15). HG was successful in China, because it focused on organizing itself to understand what customers want and to satisfy those needs as quickly as possible. It also was able to  introduce brand new products or features that could be added to existing products to meet customers’ needs. While most Chinese manufacturers marketed and sold products under an original equipment manufacturer (â€Å"OEM†) client brand, HG was willing to endure the earlier costs of developing its own brand (Id. at 10). HG adopted an expansion strategy to first build its market share in developed markets and then go after emerging markets. It opined that many Chinese manufacturers would first export to South East Asia where they had no strong dominate competitors; HG would instead focus on the difficult and larger markets of the U.S. and Europe (Id. at 11). If HG could succeed in these markets it would have raised its competitive edge and could easily thrive in emerging markets (Id.). This logic makes sense since, because if the HG brand was widely accepted in the U.S. and Europe, it would become widely accepted as a high quality product in emerging markets. With the support and encouragement of the Chinese government, HG sought the benefits of being an early-mover and manufactured niche products in developed markets neglected by large manufacturers. HG focused on compact refrigerators for college students and offices and wine coolers (Id. at 11-12). When others began to imitate, HG was equipped to add new features, such as mini-fridges that doubled as a computer desk (Id. at 12). HG did not directly compete with the large manufactures in the U.S. and European markets because it had to â€Å"bridge the trust gap† and shed the low-quality  reputation attached to Chinese manufactured goods. After establishing the quality of the niche products, HG was able to gain the attention of major retail chains and introduce standard products to the U.S. HG learned from the mistakes made by MNCs in China and entered into new markets by hiring the right people with knowledge of local markets. HG developed JVs on five different continents, thus spreading the risk, and its strategy allowing HG to leverage knowledge from its local partners. It gained competitive advantage by product differentiation and response speed. HG’s large competitors were inflexible, slow moving and did not focus on the minor details of the customers’ needs. Customers felt as if HG’s products were local brands rather than imported Chinese brands. Haier Group Faced Risks with Global Expansion HG’s decision to globalize in developed markets faced risks if MNCs quickly learned from their mistakes in the Chinese market and started eating into HG’s domestic market share, depriving HG of the profits necessary to expand globally. If MNCs did not underestimate HG, they could have tracked movement and competed directly against the niches that HG sought to fulfill before introducing its standard products to major retailers. HG’s critical vulnerability was the Chinese reputation of manufacturing cheap quality goods, its harsh labor conditions and environmental practices. HG faced the risks that U.S. and European markets would reject out-of-hand the HG brand despite its innovation and high quality. China was fortunate to have HG lead the way in global expansion; another early-moving Chinese manufacturer with lower quality standards and poor market strategy could have resulted in failure and further setbacks for the Chinese government’s â€Å"going outâ⠂¬  policy. II.  Conclusion If HG chose to remain in its domestic market or sell its products under an OEM client  brand, it may have never been afforded an opportunity to develop its own global brand. MNCs invested millions into factories and distribution in China in hopes to prevent HG from using its profits in the domestic market to support its advancement overseas (Id. at 15). HG’s market strategy capitalized on MNCs failures in China and its knowledge of western technology. It was too risky for HG not to make its move into the global community. HG exploited MNC’s slow response to customer needs, inattention to minor details and inflexibility to become a leading player in the global market. The risk of not expanding globally when faced with MNC competition in China outweighed the risks of being complacent with its domestic market share.

Baby Blues in Europe

The population growth in most of the European nations is at critical point. The term baby blues have been used to describe the situation where families are opting to have fewer children due to various economic and social reasons. They are shying off from having an extra child due to the things they are experiencing day by day. The societies have become more affluent and when such a thing happens one the effects is the low fertility rates. On the other hand women have gained more freedom in the society.They are engaging in the work force, this has resulted in consumption boom contributing to the delay of marriage and the rate at which people are marrying, this further impact on the fertility rates. The impacts of the social changes that have taken place in the recent years have been compounded by the changing of the working patterns. Career patterns have replaced the unskilled labor which has increased the importance attached to the longer training periods and the unbroken periods of employment as one gains skills has further strengthened the idea of delaying childbearing.This is what has resulted to the baby blues in a continent that had the highest population growth some years back. (Golin, A; Bruno, L and Lori, A 1991) Some of these factors are: lack of a nanny to take care of the child, busy schedules, work related and many others. The birth rates are generally falling fast with many women either opting to have no children or families making a choice of remaining with only one child. This trend is worrying many governments as they foresee a big problem ahead.The population growth rate is negative in most countries in this part of the world. If the trend continues it shows that the population in Western Europe countries will shrink. This is a dangerous trend for the bloc that is aiming to counter the United States as the world power. In the United States the population has been growing at a higher rate in comparison to the Europe due to factors such as migrat ion, incentives from the government among others. What are the impacts of baby blues in the society?This is a question each and every government in Europe is trying to analyze and at the same time provides a workable solution to a situation that is threatening to impact negatively on the gains that this continent has made in the number of years. Having negative growth rate is not something any government in the developed world should be proud of. It is a risky affair that will have serious effects in the years to come. It means that at one given time Europeans countries will have a population imbalance where the number of the graying population will exceed the young people.This graying population will be a burden since there will be very few young working population to support them impacting negatively on the countries economic situation. (Golin, A; Bruno, L and Lori, A 1991) The trend will have an effect in the society especially in situation where the elderly have to be taken care of by the young. They require more money to cater for their medical bills and other expenses that come with the old age. This will be a burden to the younger population as they also have other obligation to meet.This population might also opt to have lesser families due to the added burden of caring of the elderly. If the trend continues beyond this point the problem will escalate for many years to come impacting heavily on the economic situation of these countries. The governments are concerned with this trend and they are up and planning on the measures to be taken to counter this negative development. The government can not afford to sit on the fence as it watches the population decline. This can have serious impact than imagined. It can threat the very existence of a nation.A nation whose population can not meet the needs of its economy is a t great danger especially if the other parts of the world more so those perceived to be the competitors are at an advantaged position rega rding the population growth. China and United States population are projected to rise tremendously in the next fifty years whereas on the other hand the European population has been predicted to decline by a great margin. This means that Europe will depend much on the countries with a positive population growth on labor, market and other activities.To many governments in this region, this is a dangerous development as it will affect their power situation where these nations may take its position in the world map of power. (Hantarais, L 2004) The governments need to be concerned and act on the situation as it can have serious effects on all aspects of the society. Declining population goes hand in hand with the economic slow down. When the older population is higher than the young working population the situation becomes grave as the government will be faced with the burden of taking care of this graying population which can be as sensitive as the baby population.In the next ten or m ore years to come it is expected that the European population level will be more than seventy million or roughly ten percent below its current level. The governments are busy trying to counter this negative trend as it may pose serious problems if it is not tackled early and in an effective manner. Births rate have fallen to levels where they can not be replaced and on the other hand the continent median age has climbed steadly. This poses a complex problem which need to be approached in a sober manner as it can result to every disastrous situation.A decline in the working population mean that the government can only promote immigration to counter a situation where the labor supplies dwindle ,this poses a serious problem as this population will only be attracted from the developing nations where there are population crises and the level of skills is often. To stop the decline the government has to come up with a workable solution which will solve this problem once and for all and he lp avert a situation where economic slow down is experienced further complicating the matters.(Hantarais, L 2004) Of particular concern is the need to replenish the declining workforce as this will have long term effects if left unchecked. With the population having reached close to seven hundred million people a decline can be the most unfortunate things for the nations in Europe. The governments having been faced with the challenge on how they will approach this problem may mean that the problem will be bigger than imagined, but with the proper planning and coordination of policies this is an issue which can be tackled.Population ageing will increase the number of dependent people creating a potential burden on pension and public health care. The tax burden will have to be passed to the few working population further complicating the issue as this group will be overburden by the financial obligation they are supposed to meet. This will only escalate the existing pro blem with a hi gher probability of increased baby blues. The fear of having many children or in some cases- no children at all- among the childbearing population in the western nations and Europe in general poses a great danger for this continent.If the current fertility levels persisted and immigration ceased altogether the European population would fall way below six hundred million by the turn of the century. What would this mean in a continent that is expected to steer the global economy to the next level in the century. It shatter the dreams of a powerful Europe in the world map while at the same time putting the continent at a disadvantaged position since the population in some the world regions is increasing at a higher rate.Therefore since this is a problem that will have far reaching effects for some years to come the government s in the respective countries need to move fast and come up with comprehensive policies which will help in solving this problem. (McIntosh, A 1983) The government s are not spoilt of choices they have to act swiftly to avert a catastrophic situation where economic meltdown might be experienced in future. One of the response would be to boost the birth rates, this can be achieved through giving incentives to the couples who are willing to have children.These incentives need to be as attractive as possible so that they can include many people. In such a move the birth rates might turn a round and the feared decline may not be experienced at all. Immigration has been mentioned as another option as far as solving this problem is concerned but some people have pointed out that it will only be short-lived since the immigrants will eventually adapt the trends that already exist in the receiving countries. Government has to approach this issue in a broader way to ensure that the end results are positive.Though some people have described the situation as the best for the continent since there would be minimal competition for resources, baby blues pres ent a dangerous situation for Western Europe as far as it future economic position is concerned. Bibliography Golin, A; Bruno, L and Lori, A. Population Changes in Europe, Labor, vol 5, Rome Italy (1991) Hantarais, L. Family Policy Matters: Responding to Family Change in Europe, The Policy Press (2004) McIntosh, A. Population Policy in Western Europe, ME Shape (1983)

Feasibility Study of Online Shopping Essay

Technical: The Online Shopping Via SMS: Computer Parts and Accessories is a new feature that we are proposing to the Armenia’s Internet Cafà ©. Since we are offering that the computer parts and accessories of the Armenia’s Internet Cafà © will be online, they are required to have a PC (admin) with an Internet connection and a database system for the products and customer’s information. Through the Internet, they will also be required to have a website with a domain name itself. The PC (admin) and the domain name alone, of course, require some sort of financial support. If those two requirements would be realized, then a new website is to be built with interface selling the computer parts and accessories that is now online. It provides an interface for the user (customer) registration and fills up all the information needed. The mobile phone number is also needed to be fills up. All of that data will then be going to the PC (admin). So if they will be visiting the site again, they would have just to log in and would not be registering anymore. It’s up to the user (customer) if he had selected an item. He would be clicking the interface with the â€Å"buy† button. Informing the admin that someone is willing to buy that item. By that, a transaction between the customer and the admin will begin. The user (customer) will have a down payment of 20%, since cash will be given upon the delivery of materials so that there will be no fraud between the customer and the admin would arise. Transaction will now go to the payment as well as the shipping process. The customer will have his money be deposited in the Armenia’s bank account or through ML Kwarta Padala provided that the item selected is also delivered by the Armenia through LBC. If the destination or customer’s address is near, maybe a person will be in charge for that matter. Through the transaction, the latter should be realized introducing now our new feature we offered, and that is the mobile phone. The update of the items selected and the transaction process as well, is through the use of mobile phone especially if the user (customer) is now not online. The admin can still communicate him via SMS. If all of that would be realized, a benefit of the user (customer) would be met. As well as the benefit of the Armenia’s Internet Cafà © would be great since their production would increase and the high-technology we have, as of this moment had been used. Therefore, our system is technically possible. Financial: This system is very affordable for there’s no materials needed. It only uses a computer with an Internet connection and you must have your own website for you to publish to the world the items purchased. To have a website, you must have a domain name first, and in that sense it is then very affordable. It is not even one-third of your income if you have it. Also the mobile phone as of this moment is also cheap but in that matter it’s the customer’s responsibility. Organizational: Since the Armenia is an Internet Cafe, so there’s no need to have persons to look over the products. All they will provide is the person who is  responsible for the website to look over if anyone had gone to login and have their items selected and to look over the database for the updates of the products on hand and sold out. Even one or two persons will do. But of course there’s also a person be responsible to deliver the items selected. As of this present time, Armenia’s Internet Cafe only has a manual way of counting their products. By that, it takes a longer time and a tiring day to have it all done. But with our new system, all the disadvantages of the latter will be vanished with the use of our new system. Since we will be using our high-technology, like the use of computer together with the power of Internet plus the mobile phone is a very great tandem that this proposed system that we had will then be possible. Ethical: Our new system is very possible in technical matter, is very financially affordable, organizationally feasible and most especially ethically acceptable to everybody. As we all know that as of now, there are so many websites that have an online shopping, but the new feature we offered is the use of mobile phone. The users (customer) will have an update for the items selected. Even if they are not accessing the website, still they have the way to get the information of the items they want. Online shopping also offers a vast price and item selection. You can have a cheaper but durable material with your own taste and standards. Information and reviews as well convenience is possible with the use of online shopping. Also the customers are fond of shopping directly through retailers. In the same way, a majority of consumers choose online shopping for faster and more efficient shopping experience. Therefore, our system is ethically acceptable not only in our society but perhaps to the whole world. I. Executive Summary This feasibility study of Online Shopping via SMS: Computer Parts and Accessories to be proposed to Armenia’s Internet Cafe were performed by Mirasol Rosquites and Jay Alba, Information Technology students. It involves questions such as whether they can afford the technical, financial,  organizational and ethical aspect of the system. It also contains the needs to analyze the problems and the solutions of this proposed system. II. Introduction The purpose of this study is to help our valued customers to have a fast and efficient way of buying computer parts and accessories. As we all know that we are now in the world where high technologies evolve, so in accordance to that idea, our system will help everybody to access a direct buying of items over the net and provide them an update of the items they have chosen, through cell phone. Everybody can access it especially those persons who have the hard time of going outside their houses just to buy the computer parts and accessories they need. They just need a computer with an internet connection and a cell phone for update information. They need it because this will provide them a meaningful experience of shopping things. This will mainly give them convenience. Because it will be opened 24 hours .One can avoid crowded malls or retailed stores resulting in long lines, and no parking. It also gives them detailed information of the items they want with a less price. The Armenia’s Internet Cafà © up to this present time has no system of selling the computer parts and accessories they have, but rather they do it manually. With our new proposed system it would be easier for them rather than to have a hard time by doing it on manual. So from our novel idea, we are encouraged to do this system. In that sense, shopping of computer parts and accessories would be online using a website with a domain of their own, together with a mobile phone that provides update information especially during the shipping process.